Title: Journey Across Time
1(No Transcript)
2Ancient Egypt
3The Nile Valley
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
- The Egyptian civilization began in the fertile
Nile River valley, where natural barriers
discouraged invasions.
- The Egyptians depended on the Niles floods to
grow their crops.
- Around 3100 B.C., Egypts two major kingdoms,
Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, were combined into
one.
4The Nile Valley
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas (cont.)
- The Egyptian civilization began in the fertile
Nile River valley, where natural barriers
discouraged invasions.
Locating Places
5The Nile Valley
Settling the Nile
- The earliest Egyptians moved into the Nile River
valley from less fertile areas.
- They farmed and built villages along the
riverbanks.
- The Nile River is the longest river in the world,
about 4,000 miles long.
- Egyptians used the Nile River for many things.
(pages 3940)
6The Nile Valley
Settling the Nile (cont.)
- They used river water to drink, clean, farm, and
cook.
- They ate fish from the river.
- The Nile valley is a narrow, green valley in
Egypt.
- The northern end of the valley
is a fertile
area of land called a delta.
(pages 3940)
7The Nile Valley
Settling the Nile (cont.)
- The Sahara, the largest desert in the world, lies
west of the Nile Valley.
- The Eastern Desert lies to the east of the
valley.
- Egypt has several natural borders to protect it.
- The deserts, the dangerous rapids of the Nile,
and marshes in the delta kept enemies from
entering Egypt.
(pages 3940)
8The Nile Valley
Settling the Nile (cont.)
- The Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red
Sea to the east allowed trade with other peoples.
- Within Egypt, people traveled on the Nile to
trade with each other.
(pages 3940)
9The Nile Valley
The River People
- Floods along the Nile were predictable and were
not devastating.
- Each spring the Nile would flood and leave a
dark, fertile mud along its banks.
- Farmers learned about the waters of the Nile.
- They used the soil left behind by the floods to
grow wheat, barley, and flax seeds.
(pages 4142)
10The Nile Valley
The River People (cont.)
- Farmers learned about irrigation.
- They dug basins to trap floodwaters, dug canals
to channel water to the fields, and built dikes
to strengthen the basin walls.
- Papyrus, a reed plant that grew along the Nile,
was used to make baskets, sandals, and river
rafts.
- Later, it was used to make paper.
(pages 4142)
11The Nile Valley
The River People (cont.)
- The Egyptian system of writing was called
hieroglyphics.
- This system consisted of thousands of picture
symbols.
- Some Egyptian men learned to read and write.
- They attended schools to learn to be scribes.
(pages 4142)
12The Nile Valley
A United Egypt
- Because the people in Egypt had surplus food,
some people became artisans instead of farmers.
- Artisans wove cloth, made pottery, carved
statues, and crafted weapons and tools.
- Egyptians traded with each other and with others
in Mesopotamia.
- A few strong chiefs united groups of villages
into kingdoms.
(pages 4344)
13The Nile Valley
A United Egypt (cont.)
- Eventually, the strongest kingdoms overpowered
the weaker ones.
- In this way, two large kingdoms emergedLower
Egypt and Upper Egypt.
- Narmer united the two kingdoms.
- He ruled from the city of Memphis, and his
kingdom lasted long after his death.
(pages 4344)
14The Nile Valley
Early Egyptian Life
- Ancient Egypt had social classes.
- The pharaoh was the highest power.
- The upper class consisted of nobles, priests, and
government officials.
- The middle class included merchants, artisans,
shopkeepers, and scribes.
- Farmers were the largest group of people and were
in a lower class than the middle class.
(pages 4546)
15The Nile Valley
Early Egyptian Life (cont.)
- Unskilled workers were the lowest class of people
in ancient Egypt.
(pages 4546)
16The Nile Valley
Early Egyptian Life (cont.)
- Although men were the heads of households, women
had more rights in Egypt than in other ancient
civilizations.
- They could own and pass on property, buy and sell
goods, make wills, and obtain divorces.
(pages 4546)
17The Nile Valley
Early Egyptian Life (cont.)
- Few children went to school in ancient Egypt.
- Children had time to play games and had toys.
- Egyptian girls learned to sew, cook, and run a
household.
- Boys learned farming or a skilled trade.
(pages 4546)
18The Nile Valley
Geography Skills How did the geography of the
Nile River valley lead to the growth of a
civilization there?
The Nile River valley had natural barriers for
protection, enriched soil for farming, and the
river and seas for trade.
19Egypts Old Kingdom
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
- Egypt was ruled by all-powerful pharaohs.
- The Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses
and in life after death for the pharaohs.
- The Egyptians of the Old Kingdom built huge stone
pyramids as tombs for their pharaohs.
20Egypts Old Kingdom
Old Kingdom Rulers
- The Old Kingdom lasted from about 2600 B.C. until
about 2300 B.C.
- Pharaohs were all-powerful Egyptian kings who
guided every activity in Egypt.
- Pharaohs appointed officials to carry out their
commands.
- Egyptian people served pharaohs because they
believed the kingdom depended on one strong
leader.
(page 48)
21Egypts Old Kingdom
Old Kingdom Rulers (cont.)
- They also believed the pharaohs were the sons of
Re, the sun god.
- The thought pharaohs were gods on earth.
(page 48)
22Egypts Old Kingdom
Egypts Religion
- Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses, or
deities.
- These deities controlled every human activity and
all natural forces.
- The major god was Re, the sun god.
- Another major god was Hapi, who ruled the Nile
River.
- Isis was the most important goddess.
(pages 4950)
23Egypts Old Kingdom
Egypts Religion (cont.)
- Egyptians believed in life after death.
- The Book of the Dead contained a collections of
spells that Egyptians believed they needed to
enter the afterlife.
- Egyptians believed only pharaohs and a few elite
people could have life after death.
(pages 4950)
24Egypts Old Kingdom
Egypts Religion (cont.)
- To protect the pharaohs body after death,
Egyptians developed an embalming
process.
- During the process,
the bodys organs
were removed.
- The body was
treated with spices
and oils and then
wrapped
with strips of linen.
(pages 4950)
25Egypts Old Kingdom
Egypts Religion (cont.)
- The wrapped body was called a mummy.
- Egyptian doctors used herbs and drugs to treat
illnesses.
- They also set broken bones and stitched cuts.
- Egyptian doctors were the first doctors to
specialize in different areas of medicine, and
they wrote the worlds first medical book.
(pages 4950)
26Egypts Old Kingdom
The Pyramids
- Egyptians built pyramids to protect the bodies of
dead pharaohs.
- The pyramids also contained items
the pharaohs
might need in the
afterlife.
- A pyramid took thousands of
people and years of
labor to build.
(pages 5052)
27Egypts Old Kingdom
The Pyramids (cont.)
- Egyptians used astronomy and mathematics to
create the pyramids.
- To build a pyramid, Egyptians first selected a
site.
- Then, they searched for stone.
- The artisans cut the stone into blocks, and other
workers tied the stone to sleds and pulled them
to the Nile.
(pages 5052)
28Egypts Old Kingdom
The Pyramids (cont.)
(pages 5052)
29Egypts Old Kingdom
The Pyramids (cont.)
- The Great Pyramid is the largest pyramid in
Egypt.
- It was built for King
Khufu and is
located near the
city of Cairo.
(pages 5052)
30Egypts Old Kingdom
What did Egyptians learn from embalming bodies?
They learned the use of herbs and drugs to treat
illnesses, and how to sew up cuts and set broken
bones.
31The Egyptian Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
- The Middle Kingdom was a golden age of peace,
prosperity, and advances in the arts and
architecture.
- During the New Kingdom, Egypt acquired new
territory and reached the height of its power.
32The Egyptian Empire
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas (cont.)
- Akhenaton tried to change Egypts religion, while
Tutankhamen is famous for the treasures found in
his tomb.
- Under Ramses II, Egypt regained territory and
built great temples, but the empire fell by 1150
B.C.
33The Egyptian Empire
The Middle Kingdom
- Pharaohs lost control of Egypt in about 2300 B.C.
- At that time, a new dynasty of pharaohs created a
capital at Thebes.
- This began the Middle Kingdom, a time of
stability, prosperity, and achievement.
- Egypt took control of other lands and forced
conquered people to send tribute, or forced
payments.
(pages 6061)
34The Egyptian Empire
The Middle Kingdom (cont.)
- In this way, Egypt increased its riches.
- During the Middle Kingdom, the arts, literature,
and architecture blossomed.
- The Middle Kingdom ended when the Hyksos attacked
and conquered Egypt.
- The Hyksos ruled until around 1500 B.C., when the
Egyptian prince Ahmose led a revolt to drive the
Hyksos out of Egypt.
(pages 6061)
35The Egyptian Empire
The Middle Kingdom (cont.)
- This artwork with gold inlay from the Middle
Kingdom period shows a funeral boat.
(pages 6061)
36The Egyptian Empire
The New Kingdom
- During the New Kingdom period, Egypt grew richer
and more powerful.
- Hatshepsut was one of the few women to rule
Egypt.
- Trade grew during Hatsheputs reign.
- Traders exchanged beads, tools, and weapons for
ivory, wood, leopard skins, and incense.
- Trade made Egypt wealthier.
(pages 6162)
37The Egyptian Empire
The New Kingdom (cont.)
- Thutmose III became pharaoh after Hatshepsuts
death.
- Thutmose conquered more lands, and Egypt grew
richer from tributes.
- Slavery became common in Thutmoses reign.
- They could own land, marry, and eventually obtain
freedom.
(pages 6162)
38The Egyptian Empire
How was Hatshepsut unlike other pharaohs?
She focused on trade instead of military
conquests.
39The Egyptian Empire
The Legacies of Two Pharaohs
- Amenhotep IV came to power in 1370 B.C.
- Amenhotep felt priests were gaining too much
power.
- He introduced a new religion with only one god.
- Priests who did not follow the new religion were
removed from power.
(pages 6465)
40The Egyptian Empire
The Legacies of Two Pharaohs (cont.)
- Most Egyptians refused to accept the new
religion.
- Amenhotep became so devoted to his new religion
that he neglected his other duties.
- He did not act when the Hittites attacked Egypt.
- As a result, Egypts empire greatly diminished.
(pages 6465)
41The Egyptian Empire
The Legacies of Two Pharaohs (cont.)
- Tutankhamen, now called King Tut, was a boy ruler
who took power after Akhenaton died.
- He ruled for only nine years
before his death.
- In A.D. 1922, a British
archaeologist found
King Tuts grave.
(pages 6465)
42The Egyptian Empire
The End of the New Kingdom
- Ramses II was one of the most effective pharaohs
of the New Kingdom.
- During Ramsess rule, many temples were built
throughout Egypt.
- Temples were used for services.
- Most Egyptians prayed at home because they
believed the temples were houses for the gods and
goddesses.
(pages 6567)
43The Egyptian Empire
The End of the New Kingdom (cont.)
- After Ramsess rule, Egyptian rule began to
decline.
- Egypt was attacked by neighboring groups and
eventually controlled only the Nile delta.
- Beginning in the 900s B.C., Egypt was ruled by
the Libyans, then the people of Kush, and finally
the Assyrians.
(pages 6567)
44The Egyptian Empire
Analyze How did Akhenaton upset the traditional
order?
He stopped worship of old gods in favor of one
god.
45The Civilization of Kush
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
- To the south of Egypt, the Nubians settled in
farming villages and became strong warriors.
- The people of Kush devoted themselves to
ironworking and grew wealthy from trade.
46The Civilization of Kush
Nubia
- The region of Nubia, later known as Kush, was
located south of Egypt on the Nile River.
- The first people to arrive in Nubia were cattle
herders, who grazed their herds on the savanna.
- A savanna is a grassy plain.
- Later, farmers settled in villages in Nubia.
(pages 6970)
47The Civilization of Kush
Nubia (cont.)
- More powerful Nubian villages took control of
weaker ones, and the kingdom of Kerma was
created.
- People of Kerma traded with the Egyptians, and
Kerma became wealthy.
- The kings of Kerma were buried in tombs like the
Egyptian pharaohs.
(pages 6970)
48The Civilization of Kush
The Rise of Kush
- Nubians broke away from Egypt and formed their
own kingdom called Kush.
- The Kushite kings ruled from the city of Napata,
which was located along the upper Nile.
- This location helped the Kush people become
important traders, and Kush grew wealthy.
(pages 7072)
49Ancient Egypt
Section 1 The Nile Valley
Focusing on the Main Ideas
- By 5000 B.C., Egyptian civilization arose in the
fertile Nile River valley, where natural barriers
discouraged invasions.
- The Egyptians depended on the Niles floods to
grow their crops.
- Around 3100 B.C., Egypts two major kingdoms,
Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, were combined into
one.
- Egyptian society was divided into social groups
based on wealth and power.
50Ancient Egypt
Section 2 Egypts Old Kingdom
Focusing on the Main Ideas
- Egypt was ruled by all-powerful pharaohs.
- The Egyptians believed in many gods and goddesses
and in life after death for the pharaohs.
- The Egyptians of the Old Kingdom built huge stone
pyramids as tombs for their pharaohs.
51Ancient Egypt
Section 3 The Egyptian Empire
Focusing on the Main Ideas
- The Middle Kingdom was a golden age of peace,
prosperity, and advances in the arts and
architecture.
- During the New Kingdom, Egypt acquired new
territory and reached the height of its power.
52Ancient Egypt
Section 3 The Egyptian Empire
Focusing on the Main Ideas
- Akhenaton tried to change Egypts religion, while
Tutankhamen is famous for the treasures found in
his tomb.
- Under Ramses II, Egypt regained territory and
built great temples, but the empire fell by 1150
B.C.
53Ancient Egypt
Section 4 The Civilization of Kush
Focusing on the Main Ideas
- To the south of Egypt, the Nubians settled in
farming villages and became strong warriors.
- The people of Kush devoted themselves to
ironworking and grew wealthy from trade.
54Ancient Egypt
Review Vocabulary
Define Match the vocabulary word that completes
each sentence.
__ 1. area of fertile soil at the end of a
river __ 2. reed plant used to make baskets,
rafts, and paper __ 3. grassy plain __
4. rapids __ 5. Egyptian writing system __
6. forced payments __ 7. title for Egyptian
leaders
D
- A. savanna
- B. tribute
- C. cataract
- D. delta
- hieroglyphics
- pharaoh
- papyrus
G
A
C
E
B
F
55Ancient Egypt
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 The Nile Valley
What natural barriers protected Egypt from
invasion?
deserts, cataracts in the Nile, and delta marshes
56Ancient Egypt
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 The Egyptian Empire
Why was the Middle Kingdom called a golden age?
It was a time of prosperity, the empire was
strong, and advances were made in the arts and
architecture.
57Ancient Egypt
Review Main Ideas
Section 3 The Egyptian Empire
Why are Akhenaton and Tutankhamen well-known?
Akhenaton tried to change Egypts religion.
Tutankhamens tomb was found with many treasures.
58Ancient Egypt
Analyze Do you agree that Egyptian civilization
can be called the Gift of the Nile? Explain.
Answers will vary, but you should note how much
Egyptians relied on the Nile.
59Click the map to view an interactive version.
60Click the map to view an interactive version.