Diversity Lecture

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Naming organisms

• Aristotle was the first to classify
• Plants and animals
• Animals were blood and bloodless
• How they moved
• Very primitive

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Naming Organisms

• Carolus Linnaeus
• Swedish
• Divided into Animal and Plant Kingdom
• Divided into even small groups
• Came up with naming system
• Binomial nomenclature
• 2 names Genus and species
• Genus always CAPITALIZED, species lowercase
• If written, underlined or typed italics
• All organisms have a common name (like humans
  and a scientific name Homo sapiens

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Naming Organisms

• Today we have 6 major kingdoms
• This is recent
• Animals are divided now not only based on looks,
  but on genetics.
• Video on Linnaeus

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Hierarchy

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

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6 Kingdoms

• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria(bacteria)
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

Monera
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Kingdom Animalia

• All members are eukaryotic
• All members are heterotrophic
• All members are multicellular
• All members can move at some point in their lives
• MOST have specialized tissue

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Animal Cell Structure
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Asexual Reproduction

• Only 1 parent
• No special reproductive organs
• Genetically identical offspring (unless a
  mutation occurs)
• Called clones
• Typically very rapid
• No gametes (egg or sperm)
• Some invertebrates do this such a hydra

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Types of Asexual Reproduction

• Binary Fission- Only bacteria and protozoa does
  this (no animals)
• Split by mitosis

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Types of asexual reproduction

• Multiple fission nucleus divides repeatedly
  before division making many young.
• Does not occur in animal kingdom

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Types of Asexual Reproduction

• Budding
• Unequal division
• Parent develops outgrowth or bud
• Bud grows organs and detaches
• Cnidarians like hydra

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Types of Asexual Reproduction

• Gemmulation
• Make a gemmule
• Cells surrounded by a resistant capsule form
• Fresh water sponges do this

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Types of Asexual reproduction

• Fragmentation
• Multicellular animal breaks into 2 or more parts
• Each fragment becomes an individual
• Planarians and other worms

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Sexual Reproduction

• Production of offspring from 2 parents
• Form gametes (egg and sperm) through meiosis
• Takes more energy, but better way to reproduce
• Creates genetic variation

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Sexual Reproduction Types

• Production of offspring from the union of 2
  gametes from 2 genetically different parents
• Meiosis
• Makes sex cells
• Egg and sperm
• Male and female

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Sexes (male and female)

• When an organism displays 2 different sexes (male
  and female) it is called dioecious
• When an organism has both sex parts we call it
  monecious or hermaphroditic.
• Flatworms, annelids, barnacles and some fishes
  are common for this.
• Some fertilize themselves many dont
• Some can change sexes- sequential hermaphrodites
  (genetically programmed)

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Sexual Reproduction

• Parthenogenesis
• Embryo from unfertilized eggs form
• Not as common
• Some sharks and fish
• Some worms
• Some insects
• Some crustaceans

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Sexual Reproduction

• 3 types of offspring formation
• Oviparous-egg birth
• Fertilization may be internal or external
• Ovoviviparous- egg birth but the egg is retained
  in the body while development occurs
• Certain fishes and reptiles
• Viviparous-egg develops in oviduct or uterus