??

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?????????????? I

• 2008??
• ????
• ver2008/04/28

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???IT?????

• ??????????200??? M. ?????-???/W.?????????????????
• ?????????????????????????IT????

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????????
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????????????? (1)

• Computer ??50??????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????? computer ????????

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???????????

• 1950????????????? North American Aviation
  ????computer ???P. E.Ceruzzi, A History of
  Modern Computing, p.2 ???
• ??????????????????????????????????????????

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???????? de Prony

• ????????? 1790??de Prony ??????????????????
• ?????????????????? hairdressors
  ????????????????????compueters ????????

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???????

• Hairdressor ?????????????????????????????????????
  ?????
• ?????????????????????????????computers ????????
• de Prony ??????? ??????????????????????
• 1776, Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book 1,
  Chapter 1 of the Division of Labor.

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?? Pin-maker ???? (1)

• no only the whole work is a peculiar trade, but
  it is divided into a number of branches, of which
  the greater part are likewise peculiar trades.
• One man draws out the wire, another straights it,
  a third cuts it. a fourth points it, a fifth
  grinds it at the top for receiving the head to
  make the head requires two or three distinct
  operations to put it on, a peculiar business, to
  whiten the pins is another it is even a trade by
  itself to put them into the paper and the
  important business of making a pin is, in this
  manner, divided into about eighteen distinct
  operations,

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?? Pin-maker ???? (2)

• But if they had all wrought separately and
  independently, and without any of them having
  been educated to this peculiar business, they
  certainly could not each of them have made twenty
  perhaps not one pin in a day that is, certainly,
  not the two hundred and fortieth, perhaps not the
  four thousand eight hundredth part of what they
  are at present capable of performing, in
  consequence....

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?????????
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de Prony ?????????????

• Charles Babbage 1791-1871 ???????????????????????
  ????????
• ????????????????????????(differential engine)?
  ????(analytic engine)????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????

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Babbage ?????

• de Prony ?????????????????????????????(?????) ?
• ???????1790???1801????????????????????????????????
  ?
• 1819???????? C. Babbage ??????????????????????????
  ?????????? Campbell-Kelly ?????????

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??????????? (I)

• ?????????????????????????Babbage ?? de Prony ?
  hairdressers ?????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????
• Babbage ???????? J.F.W. Herschel
  (?????????)????????????????????????
• Babbage ????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????2000?????????
  ???

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??????????? (?)

• Adam Smith ????? pin ????????? ???????????????????
  skill ?????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????Adam Smith ???????????????(de
  Prony)?
• ????????? labor ????????????????????????????????

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??????????? (?)

• ???Babbage ??????????????????????????A.M. Turing
  ??????????????????? thesis ???????
• ?????????????????? ???????????????
• Babbage ?? A. Smith- de Prony ????????????????????
  ???????????????????????

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Economy of Machinery and Manufacture

• Babbage ??????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????
• ????? Economy of Machinery and Manufacture,
  1832, ???????????????????
• ???????????????????????????? Uniform Penny Post
  ?????? Rowland Hill ????1837?? Babbage
  ?????????????????
• ???? Chapter 19, 20 ?????? On the division of
  labor ?????????Adam Smith ? de Prony
  ?????????????????(???????)?????????????????????

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C. Babbage, J.S. Mill, F. Taylor,

• Babbage ??? John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)? Karl
  Marx (1818-1883) ??????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????Babba
  ge ???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???
• Babbage ????????????????????????(OR)??????(Indust
  rial Engineering IE)????????????????????????
• ????????????????????? Fredrick Winslow Taylor
  (1856 -1915) ?????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  

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Babbage ? A. Smith ?21?????????????????

• ?? Taylor ??? Taylorism ???????60-80?????????QC
  (quality control)???????????? KAIZEN
  ????????????????????????????????????Babbage
  ??????? Taylor ??A. Smith ???????
• Taylorsim ? KAIZEN??1980??????????????????1980????
  ?????????????????????????????????????????1980?????
  ?????????????
• ????Babbage ??A. Smith ???????????????????????????
  ??????
• Mill ?????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??Babbage ????????? A. Smith ?????????????????????
  ??

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?? Babbage ?????????????????????????????????????

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????The differential Engine

• ???????
• Babbage ??????F(x)x2
• x 1 2 3 4 5 6... ??
• F(x) 1 4 9 16 25 36 ???
• ?? 3 5 7 9 11.
• ?? 2 2 2 2.
• ??????????????????? F(x)x2 ???????

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???????

• ???????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????
• Babbage ?????????????????
• ?. ??????????????????????Babbage ????????

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???? The Analytic Engine

• ?????? Babbage ???????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????
• ????Babbage ???????????????????????????????????
• ?????????(?)Babbage ??????????????????????????????
  ??????????????
• ?????????????????????6??????????????????????

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???????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?
• ??????????????????????(iteration)?????????????????
  ???????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????

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???? Babbage machines

• ?????????
• ????Babbage ??????????????????(19??????????)
• ???????????????????
• Babbage ?????????? London ?????????????????(??????
  ?)???????
• London ??????????
• ??????????

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2???????

• California ?????? Nathan Myhrvold
  (?????????)??????????????????????????????????????5
  ?10???????????????Myhrvold ????????????
• http//www.news.com/8301-13772_3-9915667-52.html
• http//io9.com/381601/the-victorianera-supercompu
  ter-and-the-genius-who-created-it

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The Analog AnimalsThe title is borrowed from
M.R. Willams History of Computing Technology

• 19????20??????????Babbage ???????????????????????
  ??????
• ????????? Tide Predictors 1876??????1950?????????
  ????????
• ?????????????? Vannevar Bush ? Differential
  analyzers, 1930?????????1951??SF??????????
  movie1 movie2
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????

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The Mechanical MonstersThe title is borrowed
from M.R. Willams History of Computing
Technology

• ???1940??????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??
• The Zuse Machines
• The Harvard Mark I (IBM ?)

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???????????????
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????electronic computers????? ?

• ??????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????????????????????electro
  nics ?????????????????????
• 19???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???
• ???????? ?????????????

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????????????

• 1940???University of Pennsylvania, ???? Moore
  school ? ENIAC?EDVAC ???2?????????????????????????
  ?????????
• ???????????????????4??????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????
• ??????2????????????????????????? motivation
  ?????????????????????

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ENIAC

• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
• ???????????????
• ??????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????
• ???ENIAC ?????????????????????EDVAC
  ??????????????????

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ENIAC???????????

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????? differential analyzer
  ??????????????
• 1930-40???????????????????????(firing
  table)??????????????????????3000??????????????????
  ????????????? setting ????????????????????

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???????

• ?2????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????differential analyzer ?10??20??????1,
  2????????? firing table ?????100????????1?????????
  ?

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John Mauchly (I)

• Differential Analyzer ??????????????? Moore
  school ???2????????????????????????? BRL
  (Ballistic Research Lab.) ???????????
• ????differential analyzer ??????,
  100-200??????????????????????????????Moore school
  ? J. Mauchly ???????
• ?????de Prony ???????????????????????????????(????
  ??? ??????????)?

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John Mauchly (II)

• 1942???Mauchly ????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????? Mauchly
  ???????????????????????1942?9???Moore school
  ???????(Univ. of Penn. ?????????????)?

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J. P. Eckert

• Mauchly ??????????????Moore school ?????? Eckert
  ?????????
• Eckert ????????????????????? delay-line memory
  ??????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????(1000??1????????)
• ?????????differential analyzer ?15-30????????100??
  ?????????????????Moore school ??????????

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H.Goldstine

• ????BRL ????????????????????? H. Goldstine
  ??????????????????????????Goldstine
  ????????1943??????????? ENIAC ? project ??????
• Goldstine ??????????????????????
• 176??????????11?? differential analyzer ????? IBM
  ????????????????????2????3??????

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John von Neumann (I)

• ENIAC ???????1?????? 1944???Goldstine ???? von
  Neumann ????
• Hungary ????????? von Neumann ????????????????????
  ?????????
• ????????????????(????????)????????????????????
• ?????BRL??????????????????????????Goldstine
  ????Goldstine ?ENIAC ?????????von Neumann
  ???????????????? Goldstine ???????

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John von Neumann (II)

• ????? Neumann ????Hungary ??????????????John
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????
• Von Neumann ?????????????????????implosion
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????Goldstine ???????????????

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John von Neumann (III)

• ????von Neumann ?????????ENIAC ?????????
• Von Neumann ????????ENIAC ????????????????????????
  ???????????????

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EDVAC

• ENIAC ??3?????????
• ?????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????implosion ????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????????
• ??????????? EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
  Automatics Computer)???????Von Neumann
  ???????????????????!

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????????

• ??????????????
• ??1 ???????????????????????????????????????archite
  cture (????logical design ????)???????
• ??2,3??Eckert ?????????????????
• ??1????????????????????????????????????????????(??
  ??????????)?????????????????????????????????

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??????????????

• ???????????2?????????????ENIAC ?10?????!
• ???2???????????????????????????????????
• ????????????????2??????????EDVAC ?????????????
• ?????????????????von Neumann?

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von Neumann Architecture

• Von Neumann ? A First Draft of a Report on the
  EDVAC?1945?6?30???????
• PDF ?????http//www.virtualtravelog.net/entries/2
  003-08-TheFirstDraft.pdf
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????
• ????????????????????????????????????? von Neumann
  ????????

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Von Neumann ????????

• A First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC
  ????????Von Neumann ??????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????
• ????????????Mauchly, Eckert ??????????????????????
  ???????????????
• ????Mauchly ???????

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The Engineers versus the Logicians

• Project ????????????????????? von Neumann,
  Goldstine (???), Burkes (???)?????????????????????
  ? Eckert, Mauchly ?2?????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????

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The Moore school lectures

• ????????????ENIAC ????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????
• 1946?2?16? ENIAC ?ENIAC?????????????????
• ???? 8 July 1946 - 31 August 1946?????????????????
  ????????????????Moore school ?????????????????????
  ?

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????????????????

• ??????????????????????????????????EDVAC
  ????????????????????????EDVAC ????????????????????
  ??

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??????????

• ENIAC1943?????-1945????
• EDVAC1945?????-???1952?!(Eckert, Mauchly
  ?1946???????)
• ????????????????????????????
• von Neumann ???? A First Draft of a Report on
  the EDVAC? 1945?6?30?
• The Moore School Lectures 8 July 1946 - 31 August
  1946
• 1948?? Manchester Univ., Baby Machine, T.
  Kilburn? F.C. Williams
• 1949?? EDSAC Cambridge Univ., M. Wilkes

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??????????????

• ????????????Eckert ???????Atanasoff-Berry, Zuse
  ?????????
• ????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????
• ?????????????????????
• ???????????
• ??????????
• Globalization
• ????????
• ????????