Development of Cellulosic Biofuels - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 30
About This Presentation
Title:

Development of Cellulosic Biofuels

Description:

Title: Cornell Author: Chris Somerville Last modified by: MEMY Created Date: 2/17/2000 12:20:30 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show (4:3) – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:125
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 31
Provided by: ChrisSom2
Learn more at: http://www.norway.org
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Development of Cellulosic Biofuels


1
Development of Cellulosic Biofuels
Chris Somerville Energy Biosciences Institute UC
Berkeley, LBL, University of Illinois
2
The Energy Biosciences Institute(www.energybiosci
encesinstitute.org)
  • 500M committed over 10 years
  • Research mandate to explore the application of
    modern biological knowledge to the energy sector
  • Cellulosic fuels
  • Petroleum microbiology (bioremediation,
    biosouring, corrosion, recovery)
  • Biolubricants

3
Combustion of biomass can provide carbon neutral
energy
Sunlight
CO2
Photosynthesis
Combustion
Biomass
Work
It depends on how the biomass is produced and
processed
4
Net GHG emissions from various fuels
From Americas Energy Future, NAS 2010
5
Overview of Brazil sugarcane
  • 8 M Ha planted in 2009
  • 27 B liters ethanol, 2009
  • 80-120 T/Ha
  • 6400 L ethanol/Ha
  • 429 mills
  • Plantings last 5-12 y
  • Large mill
  • 22,000 tons/day
  • 750 truck loads/day

http//english.unica.com.br/content/show.asp?cntCo
de D6C39D36-69BA-458D-A95C-815C87E4404D
6
Primary uses of US corn
USDA Economic Information Bulletin 79, 2011
7
Renewable Fuel Standard(Energy Independence and
Security Act of 2007)
40
Biodiesel
35
General Advanced
Cellulosic Advanced
30
Conventional
Previous RFS
Advanced
25
20
Biofuel Volume (billion gallons)
15
10
5
0
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Year
8
US Biomass inventory 1.3 billion tons
Wheat straw
26 B gals

Corn stover
6.1
Soy
19.9
6.2
Crop residues
7.6
Grains
5.2
Manure
4.1
Urban waste
2.9
Perennial crops
35.2
Forest
12.8
45 B gals
From Billion ton Vision, DOE USDA 2005
9
Napier grass A potential energy crop(One-year
old crop growing in Florida, photographed in
October 2009)
Courtesy of Brian Conway, BP
10
An energy crop
Yield of 26.5 tons/acre observed by Young
colleagues in Illinois, without irrigation
Courtesy of Steve Long et al
11
Crop models for biomass production indicate
advantaged regions for biomass production
Fernando E. Miguez Steve Long German Bollero
12
Harvesting Miscanthus
http//bioenergy.ornl.gov/gallery/index.html
13
Response of Miscanthus to nitrogen fertilizer
20
N0
N60
15
N120
10
Yield (t/HA)
5
0
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Year
Christian, Riche Yates Ind. Crops Prod. (2008)
14
Private forests are extensive
Alig Butler (2004)USDA Forest Service
PNW-GTR-613
15
Land Usage
AMBIO 23,198 (Total Land surface 13,000 M Ha)
16
More than 1.5 billion acres of degraded or
abandoned land is available for cellulosic crops
Cai, Zhang, Wang Environ Sci Technol 45,334
Campbell et al., Env. Sci. Technol. (2008)
42,5791
17
Agave in Madagascar
Borland et al. (2009) J. Exp. Bot.
doi10.1093/jxb/erp118
18
Summary of Syngas-Liquids Processes
Richard Bain, NREL
19
Ethanol Production Flowchart
Cellulose Process
Corn Process
Sugar Cane Process
Ethanol
Distillation
Drying
Ferment-ation
Sugar
SugarCane
Co-Product Recovery Animal Feed Chemicals
Starch Conversion (Cook or Enzymatic
Hydrolysis)
CornKernels
Cellulose Conversion Hydrolysis
Cellulose Pretreatment
Cellulose
  • Miscanthus
  • Switchgrass
  • MSW
  • Forest Residues
  • Ag Residues
  • Wood Chips

ThermochemicalConversion
  • Heat and Power
  • Fuels and Chemicals

Slide Courtesy of Bruce Dale
20
Projected costs of gasoline from various sources
From Americas Energy Future, NAS 2010
21
Breakdown of Capital Costs for NREL Biorefinery
Source Paul Willems from NREL design, May 2011
22
Batch processes have many inefficiencies
Unused capital
Catalyst Loss Wastewater Boiler
Fuel accumulation
Sugar concentration
Time
23
Hypothetical alternative scenario
Biomass grinding
Lignin removal
Enzyme recovery
fermentation
Enzymatic digestion
Fuel separation and volume adjustment
Solvent recovery
Enzyme production
Fuel use
Lignin use
Waste management
24
Classical paradigm for the enzymatic degradation
of insoluble polysaccharides
Endo
Exo-processive
Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad, Bjorge Westereng, Svein
Horn, Zhanliang Liu, Hong Zhai, Morten Sorlie,
Vincent Eijsink (2010) Science 330 219-222
25
Discovery of a novel enzyme class (CBM33 GH61)
  • CBM33s are monooxygenases that introduce chain
    breaks on the surfaces of crystalline
    polysaccharides, including cellulose. They act
    synergistically with standard hydrolytic enzymes.
  • Their activity can be boosted dramatically by
    adding external electron donors.
  • Fungal GH61 proteins do approximately the same.

G. Vaaje-Kolstad et al., Science 330219-222
(2010)
26
Sources of biodiesel
CRC Report AVFL-17
27
Major types of components of FACE9A diesel
CRC Report FACE-1
28
Routes to potential fuels
Fortman et al, Trends Biotechnology 26,375
29
Concluding comments
  • There appears to be significant underutilized
    land but expanded demand for land will require
    improved management of all land uses
  • Cellulosic biofuels can contribute but are not
    large enough to be a solution to the
    energy/climate problem
  • There are not technical barriers to production
    but there are many opportunities to fundamentally
    improve the production and diversification of
    biofuels
  • Engineering and finance are the rate limiting
    step

30
The Future
http//genomicsgtl.energy.gov/biofuels/index.shtml
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com