Formal Operations

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Formal Operations

• Adolescence/puberty
• Logical thinking about ideas
• Hypothetical and abstract thinking
• Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
• Decontextual thinking
• Ability to separate prior knowledge/beliefs from
  new evidence to the contrary

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Formal Operations 2

• Adolescent egocentrism
• Differentiating own thoughts from others
• Imaginary audience
• Also, learning to present themselves to a real
  audience
• Personal fable
• No one has ever felt like this before!
• I drive better when Im drunk!

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Cognition in Adulthood

• Formal operations requires
• Normal intelligence
• Higher education (scientific thinking)
• Lower performance on formal operations
• Use only in field of expertise
• Postformal thought
• Relativistic thinking Labouvie-Vief
• No absolute answer in many situations

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Piaget

• Contributions
• Stimulated much research
• Correct about cognitive development
• Challenges
• Underestimated competencies
• Focused on performance not competence
• Domain growth rather than stages
• Social influences left out

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Vygotsky

• Emphasized the sociocultural context
• Culture effects how and what we think
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
• Accomplishment with guidance
• Where lessons should be aimed
• Guided participation learning
• Private speech/ guides behavior (34 yr olds)

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