Feed the Poor and Afflicted

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Feed the Poor and Afflicted
Protect the Earth
Celebrate Life!
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THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL
WHAT IS THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL ?   Montreal
Protocol is an international treaty that
regulates the phase out of all ozone depleting
substances (not only methyl bromide)   CURRENT
PHASE OUT SHEDULE for METHYL BROMIDE.  
Montreal ProtocolArticle 2 countries Montreal ProtocolArticle 5 countries EC Directive 20372000
January 1, 1995 Freeze on level of1991 (baseline) Freeze on baseline1991 10
January 1, 1999 Reduction to 75 ofbaseline 1991 1991 15 Reduction to 75 ofbaseline 1991
January 1, 2001 Reduction to 50 ofbaseline 1991 1991 15 Reduction to 40 ofbaseline 1991
January 1, 2002
January 1, 2003 Reduction to 30 ofbaseline 1991 Reduction to 25 ofbaseline 1991
January 1, 2005 Phase out CU and QPS still allowed Reduction to 80 of baselineof average 95-98 Phase out CU and QPS still allowed
January 1, 2015 Phase out CU and QPS still allowed Phase out CU and QPS still allowed Phase out CU and QPS still allowed
Montreal Protocol phase out does not include
amounts for quarantine, pre-shipment AND critical
uses
Article 2 countries developed countries
according to the Montreal Protocol Article 5
countries developing countries according to the
Montreal Protocol
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What is QPS CUE? (Quarantine Pre-shipment
Critical Use Exemption)
Quarantine applications with methyl bromide are
needed to prevent the migration of pests when
importing or exporting different
products. (quarantine fumigation of containers
shipped to Australia to prevent infestation of
Syrex wasp in Australia). Pre Shipment
application is use of methyl bromide to sanitize
goods before export (rice, grain, nuts
etc.) Growers can apply for CRITICAL USES (CUE)_
when no alternative is effective or the
alternative is economically not feasible. (Only
after 2015 for most A5 countries)
The Montreal Protocol does NOT Limit QPS Use
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WHAT IS ODP VALUE OF METHYL BROMIDE ?
Science

• See also
• Some considerations on Methyl Bromide published
  by Prof. Casanova page 6
• The Methyl Bromide Fact Sheet page 17
• Methyl Bromide impact on ozone layer page 19

• ODP means Ozone Depleting Potential
• (Standard is R11 with ODP 1)
•  
• ODP from Methyl Bromide
• 1992 0.7
• 1994 0.6
• 1998 0.4 0.2
• 2001 0.2 0.0

The Effect of Methyl Bromide on The Ozone is Much
Lower Than originally Estimated.
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Science

• Discovery of additional natural sources
• Salt marshes
• brassica plants
• rice paddies

• /- 30 of natural sources of methyl bromide
  remain unidentified
• Total global phase out by 2004 lt1 improvement
  in ozone recovery by 2050

Freezing the phase out at current levels for an
additional 10 years will have no adverse effect
on ozone recovery.
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Science
The ODP Re-calculation Reduced Emissions More
Than Any Control Measure
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Science
Sources Sinks Absorption
Ocean 56 (5-130) Oceans 77 (37-133)
Soil fumigation 26.5 (16-48) OH and radiation 86 (65-107)
Fumigation of durables 6.6 (4.8-8.4) Soils 46.8 (32-154)
Fumigation of perishables 5.7 (5.4-6.0) Plants unknown
Fumigation of structures 2 (2-2)
Petrol 5 (0-10)
Burning 20 (10-40)
Wetlands 4.6
Marshes 14 (7-29)
Rapeseed 6.6 (4.8-8.4)
Paddyfields 1.5 (0.5-2.5)
Fungi 1.7 (0.5-5.2)
TOTAL Sources 151 Gg/year, with an interval of variation between 56 and 190 Gg/year TOTAL Sinks 210 Gg/year, with an interval of variation between 134 and 394 Gg/year.
Source Prof Casanove Paper
Is There Really an Emissions Problem?
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Science

• Unlike every other ODS, most methyl bromide comes
  from natural sources.
• According to the World Meteorological
  Organisation (WMO), farming and other uses emit
  about 27,000 metric tons of methyl bromide a
  year. (17 of the total).
• But the oceans emit more than twice that amount
  56,000 metric tons and wetlands and rapeseed
  plants together emit another 11,000 metric tons
• Another 60,000-70,000 metric tons of naturally
  produced methyl bromide comes from unknown source

Do you believe that controlling 17 of all the
methyl bromide produced will save the ozone?
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Science
A Short History of the Ozone Hole
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Science
Another Year to Year Comparison
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The Ozone Hole 1979- 2003
Science
What is Happening Here ?
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Could there be other factors affecting the Ozone
layer?
Science

• We were able to show, for instance that when El
  Chichon went off in 1981 and then Pinatubo in the
  1990s, both had significant effects on the ups
  and downs of ozone depletion. Pinatubo, in
  particular, had a measurable effect in the
  northern mid-latitude depletion via chlorine
  chemistry on the volcanic particle surfaces in
  the stratosphere. That was a pretty major finding
  and really helped to explain why, at that time of
  history, the ozone in our latitudes looked the
  way it did.
• Dr Susan Solomon, Science Watch 2001

Some Ozone Depletion is Caused by Nature
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Earth's ozone depletion is finally
slowing  30 July 03 NewScientist.com news service
Science

• Almost 30 years after it was first reported that
  pollutants were destroying the Earth's protective
  ozone layer, there is clear evidence that the
  global CFC ban has had an impact. For the first
  time, it has been shown that the rate of ozone
  depletion in the upper stratosphere - 35 to 45
  kilometres up - is slowing down. "This is the
  beginning of a recovery of the ozone layer," says
  Michael Newchurch, at the University of Alabama
  in Huntsville, who led the new research.

Journal reference Journal of Geophysical
Research (DOI10.1029/2003JD003471)
The Ozone Problem is Getting Better
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Overview of the Science

• The ODP for methyl bromide continues to go down
  (and probably will go down even further)
• The ozone layer appears to be improving (much
  of the science remains to be clarified)
• The lowering of the ODP for methyl bromide may
  have made the need for further reductions
  unnecessary.
• There is a growing evidence that man-made methyl
  bromide does NOT significantly impact the ozone
  layer

In light of these findings why rush the Phase-out?
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Are We Protecting The Environment?
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Are We Protecting the Environment?
Environment

• Is safe drinking water important?

• Is protecting the health of workers important?

• Is it sound environmental policy to put more land
  into production?

• Is a clean, safe supply of food important?

Do the proposed alternatives to methyl bromide
meet these criteria?
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Environment
The Alternatives" Have Problems of Their Own
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Environment
Fluoride Action Network March 29, 2004 Groups
challenge EPA's approval of Dow's Sulfuryl
fluorideEPA allows 5 times higher levels for
Infants than Adults

• EPA identified fluoride as the major
  toxicological endpoint of concern for exposure to
  Sulfuryl fluoride. In its Risk Assessment, which
  served as the basis for approval, EPA made an
  unprecedented decision to allow an acceptable
  dosage for infants (0.571 mg/kg bodyweight/day)
  which is five times higher than for adults (0.114
  mg/kg/day).

• Workers are at risk not only from the acute
  toxicity of Sulfuryl fluoride but also the
  potential for brain, lung, kidney, and bone
  effects.

What Will You Do If an Alternative Goes Away?
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Environment
European Community Establishes a Tolerance of 1
ppm for Fluoride Residue in Wine
excerpt from Federal Register July 6, 2000
(Volume 65, Number 130)Rules and Regulations
Page 41594-41601From the Federal Register
Online via GPO Access wais.access.gpo.gov
ACTION Final rule.... III. Emergency Exemption
for Tebufenozide on Grapes and FFDCA
TolerancesGrapes are California's number one
ranked crop in dollar value, accounting for over
90 of the grapes grown in the United States. The
European export market for California wines
accounts for well over 250 million. The Grape
Leaf folder causes injury in the larval stages by
rolling and feeding on the leaves, reducing
photosynthetic function. The Omnivorous leaf
roller directly reduces grape yields by injuring
the flowers and developing berries it feeds on.
The Omnivorous leaf roller also allows entry of
bunch rot organisms that damage entire clusters
which may result in rejection at the
winery. Cryolite is the registered alternative
most often used to control both Grape Leaf
folders and Omnivorous leaf rollers. However, for
the 2000 crop year, nearly all major California
wineries with export markets have advised their
growers that they will not accept grapes which
have been treated with cryolite or any other
product which would affect the level of fluorides
in wine. The European Community recently
established strict tolerance levels of 1 ppm with
respect to fluoride residues.
How Might This Affect Trade with The E.U.?
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Environment

• Methyl Bromide is
• NOT a carcinogen (magazine articles are not
  studies)
• NOT a mutagen
• NOT a groundwater pollutant
• NOT persistent in the soil or environment
• NOT the ozone depleter it was once thought to
  be

Economically, and Environmentally, Methyl
Bromide is the Right Choice
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Update on Status of Methyl Bromide

• Critical Use Exemptions for 2005
• QPS use in A5 and A2
• Country issues with the Protocol

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Methyl Bromide Wont Be Phased Out In 2005
Methyl Bromide Usage in 2005

• The E.U. will have 4,126 M.T. (9M pounds) as
  Critical Use Exemptions
• The U.S. will have 19M pounds (8,961 M.T.s) as
  Critical Use Exemptions
• The E.U. will have approximately (1,012M.T.) for
  use as QPS.
• The U.S. will have approximately 1-2M pounds for
  use as QPS.
• Article 5 (Developing nations) will use
  approximately 4 M pounds for use as QPS.

Methyl Bromide will Continue to be Used In 2005
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CRITICAL USES in EU for 2005
TOTAL APPROVED VOLUME
CUE is 21 of Baseline
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CRITICAL USES in U.S for 2005
TOTAL APPROVED VOLUME
2003 Application EPA EMOP
EPA Category 2005 Nomination Approval
Commodity Storage Total 280,500 193,255 193,255
Cucurbits Total 2,950,780 2,618,624 2,618,624
Eggplants Total 116,613 162,259 162,259
Forest tree seedlings Total 799,036 424,419 424,419
Ginger Total 20,282 20,282 20,282
Orchard nurseries Total 3,432,036 1,657,782 1,657,806
Ornamental Nurseries Total 498,449 64,842 64,842
Peppers Total 4,379,398 2,392,652 2,392,652
Post harvest/food processing Total 1,912,757 1,182,389 1,064,822
Strawberry nurseries Total 1,061,250 121,227 121,231
Sweet Potato Total 494,994 494,994 178,198
Tobacco Total 46,270 0 0
Tomatoes Total 10,642,860 6,316,840 6,316,840
Turfgrass Total 1,500,000 776,447 455,977
Grand Total 34,152,723 21,868,889 19,714,113
of Baseline 60.7 38.9 35.0
CUE is 35 of Baseline
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Other Issues With The Protocol
You May Have Read or Heard About Some Issues A5
Countries are Having with the Protocol

• There are 11-15 Developing Nations (A5) who are
  currently out of compliance with the Montreal
  Protocol.
• A proposal has been put forward to the meeting
  of the Parties in Prague to grant flexibility
  when dealing with A5 phase-out dates.
• Some A5 countries are having difficulty meeting
  phase-out schedules due to the ineffectiveness,
  or lack of alternatives

This should have been expected, instead of
pushing to get countries in compliance, UNEP
should take the time necessary to completely and
fairly address each countries specific problem.
Is the Protocol Helping These Countries?
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Overview of Phase-Out

• QPS is not limited by the Protocol
• The Scientific evidence against methyl bromide is
  not unequivocal.
• There is no drop-in replacement for methyl
  bromide.
• Alternatives are either not available or are not
  efficacious.
• Alternatives have their own serious flaws.
• Some A5 countries are currently out of
  compliance with the Protocol
• Some A5 countries are having difficulties
  implementing their accelerated phase-out
  schedules.
• A2 countries will have CUE in 2005

Why Not Go Slow?
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ECONOMIC IMPACT
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Economic Impact
Export Value of Selected Commodities That Use
Methyl Bromide
Country Total by Country (000s)
  Pakistan 69,669
  Philippines 79,903
  Malaysia 121,344
  Thailand 411,252
  Viet Nam 554,319
  India 616,120
  Sri Lanka 755,027
  Indonesia 1,080,715
Total 3,688,349
3.7 BILLION DOLLARS!
Why should You risk so much?
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Economic Impact
Value (in 000 of U.S.) of Ten Commodities
Imported into The U.S. in 2003
Country Tobac. Raw Coffee Cocoa Beans Fresh Veg. Fresh Fruit Tree Nuts Roast Coffee Spices Logs and Chips Hard wood Lumber Total By Country
Sri Lanka 525 0 0 89 911 212 6,254 0 0 7,991
Taiwan 0 0 0 630 5,312 644 44 936 0 1,542 9,108
Malaysia 0 0 0 0 7 40 419 3,935 83 15,709 20,193
Phillippines 6,607 15 0 182 181 36,709 1,830 241 0 2,691 48,456
Thailand 23,062 2,019 0 667 7,151 8,013 603 3,597 90 4,255 49,457
New Zealand 682 504 0 1,506 65,819 116 12 19 1,416 130 70,204
Indonesia 12,028 78,127 193,595 54 0 2,182 12,882 119,525 79 8,116 426,588
  42,904 80,665 193,595 3,039 78,559 48,615 16,002 134,507 1,668 32,443 631,997
631,000,000 in Exports Why Take a Chance?
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Economic Impact
Value of Selected Imports
(Values in 000s of U.S.Dollars)
Country Total Nuts Total Cassava Total Coffee Cocoa Tobacco Durables Total Citrus Kiwi Total Spices Total Dried Fruit Total Rice Total Fresh Fruit Total Vegs. Total By Country
  India 297,897 0 9,582 285,609 574 76,802 30,270 64 71 217 701,086
  Indonesia 235 5,044 49,707 1,094,688 51,731 4,654 2,934 29,561 529 1,611 1,240,694
  Malaysia 3,002 16,318 164,338 362,245 32,063 12,121 12,603 4,723 6,359 17,063 630,835
  Pakistan 1,645 370 1,305 261,618 0 11,529 8,862 134 0 837 286,300
  Philippines 384 8,734 47,094 343,431 5,084 1,214 182 101 7 506 406,737
  Sri Lanka 108 1,393 1,531 66,115 2,853 353 2,106 406 12 151 75,028
  Thailand 160 50 35,759 856,529 560 3,883 511 14 25 2,915 900,406
  Viet Nam 0 0 1,584 283,012 0 4,651 40 0 0 69 289,356
Total 303,431 31,909 310,900 3,553,247 92,865 115,207 57,508 35,003 7,003 23,369 4,530,442
4,530,442,000 Value of Your Imports
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Economic Impact
Estimated Fumigation of Imported Goods
Based on estimated U.S.D.A. fumigations by sector
Total Nuts Total Cassava Total Coffee Cocoa Tobacco Durables Total Citrus Kiwi Total Spices Total Dried Fruit Total Rice Total Fresh Fruit Total Vegs.
303,431 31,909 310,900 3,553,247 92,865 115,207 57,508 35,003 7,003 23,369
5 0 10 3 10 5 10 5 50 40
15,172 0 31,090 106,597 9,287 5,760 5,751 1,750 3,502 9,348
Est. USDA Treated
Dollar Value of Commodity
This totals 188,255,860 of Imports which are fumigated
Why Take the Risk?
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Economic Impact
Estimated Fumigation of Imported Goods
Based on estimated U.S.D.A. fumigations by sector

• What is the Minimum Impact Potential?
• If 2 of total imports and exports are fumigated.
  The total value of those fumigated products is
  162,000,000
• If only 0.05 of total imports and exports are
  fumigated with methyl bromide the total value of
  these products is 41,000,000

2 of Total Fumigated
Total Imports Exports for the Region are
approximately 8.1Billion Dollars
Why Is Safe Food, The Environment, and the
Economy Being Jeopardized?
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Review of the Issues

• The science is unclear and doesnt support any
  further phase-out.
• The emissions goals of the protocol have already
  been achieved.
• The ozone layer is recovering faster than
  expected.
• 90 of the methyl bromide (or more) produced is
  produced naturally!
• The economy of your country may be very adversely
  impacted by any further phase-out of methyl
  bromide!
• Alternatives are not as effective, or have other
  problems

Why Would You Consider Phasing Out QPS?
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What Actions Can You Take?

• Continue to use methyl bromide for QPS uses
• Contact your Ag Ministries, and the Ministry of
  Environment, to let them know that you need
  methyl bromide to remain competitive.
• Propose that for Article 5 nations consumption be
  frozen at the current levels until technically
  and economically feasible alternatives are
  available.
• Propose that for Article 5 nations there be no
  CUE but rather a freeze at the current levels of
  consumption until alternatives are available.
• Make that the phase-out is not used by the
  E.U.as a barrier to trade for Article 5 nations
  (this must not be allowed).
• Dont endanger your countries trade and economy
  without some guarantees.

If You Expect Change..You Must Act
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