Main Objectives

1
Main Objectives
1). What is science? 2). What are the main
components of the scientific method? 3). What
are different ways of inquiry besides the
scientific method and what makes science
different from these other ways of inquiry?  
2
What is science?
3
Derived from the latin verb to know
2 types
1) INDUCTIVE discovery science and induction
or 2) DEDUCTIVE hypothetico science and deduction
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
Science is advanced when new theories tie
together a number of observations and
experimental results that previously seemed
unrelated.
e.g., successional theory
7
Scientific theories are not the only way of
knowing nature
Science Religion Art
Origin of Life
8
Science can be distinguished from other styles of
inquiry by (1) a dependence on observations and
measurements that others can verify, and
(2) the requirement that ideas (hypotheses and
theories) are testable by observations and
experiments that others can repeat.
(3) objective (?)
9
What is a gall?
A tumorous mass of plant tissue used to isolate
an invader.
10
Swollen stem galls on the branchlets of a canyon
live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) caused by a
cynipid gall wasp (Andricus spectabilis?).
11
Microhabitat Engineers-Galls provide food
habitat
A canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) stem gall
in the palm of a hand. A The larva inside of the
gall B A minute, adult, cynipid gall wasp
(Andricus spectabilis?).
12
An "oak apple" gall caused by the California gall
wasp (Andricus californicus).
13
Striking "ping-pong" ball galls of the minute
gall wasp Cynips maculipennis on the leaves of
Oregon oak (Quercus garryana).
14
peach leaf curl caused by the parasitic fungus
Taphrina deformans
15
Artichoke gall on oak (Quercus spp.) from a gall
wasp
16
Fungus stem gall or "poop gall" on choke cherry
(Prunus virginiana) in Montana. The swollen stems
are caused by the fungus Dibotryon morbosum.
17
Our Study
Observation
Galls are present on rabbitbrush and sagebrush on
the FLC campus
Question
What is the effect of plant height and diameter
on gall abundance for two shrub species?
18
Rabbitbrush
19
Big Sagebrush
20
In all environmental studies, you need to have a
logical flow purpose? question? hypotheses?
sampling design? statistical analysis? test of
hypotheses? interpretation and presentation of
results For this exercise, we will focus on
creating hypotheses and the initiation of the
sampling designidentifying control variables
that need to be considered and controlled for
within the sampling design.
21
HYPOTHESIS (3 Parts)
Tentative Answer to Question
If
Prediction
Then
Because
Explanation
22
Tentative Answer to Question
If gall abundance is directly related to plant
height and diameter,
Then
Prediction
23
Tentative Answer to Question
If gall abundance is directly related to plant
height and diameter
Then gall abundance will either be more or less
abundant on either tall or short plants or small
or large plants
Prediction
24
Tentative Answer to Question
If gall abundance is directly related to plant
height and diameter
Then gall abundance will be either more or less
abundant on either tall or short plants or small
or large plants
Prediction
Explanation
Because Your explanation here!
25
Null (HO) Hypothesis
Alternative (HA) Hypothesis
26
Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Random
Stratified Systematic
27
Test (Experiment)
We will randomly locate and measure plant height
and diameter and the number of galls found on 5
rabbitbrush plants on north and south facing
slopes and 5 big sagebrush plants on north and
south facing slopes on the FLC campus.
28
Biases in Experimental Design
?????
What variables do you need to control for to
assist in limiting the number of biases?
29
Lab Report

• 1) Title
• Introduction
• Methods
• 4) Results
• 5) Discussion
• 6) Literature Cited
• 7) Acknowledgements