Budding methods

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Budding methods

• T-budding or shield budding
• Patch budding
• Chip budding

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Features of T-budding

• widely used for fruit and ornamental trees, as
  well as roses
• two methods wood in and wood out (i.e.,
  whether the bark of the scion is slipping or not)
• bark of the stock must be slipping

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How healing occurs with T-budding

• when bark of the stock is lifted, separation
  occurs in young xylem
• primary union is between the phloem on the inner
  shield face and young xylem on the stocks
  surface
• callus originates almost entirely from rootstock
  tissue
• for successful takes, a continuous cambium must
  be established between bud and rootstock

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Timing the T-budding operation

• Fall budding (July to early Sept) budwood
  neednt be collected and stored, but budding must
  be done while the stock is actively growing
• Spring budding (Mar and Apr) budding must be
  done before bark stops slipping on the stock,
  usu. by late spring budwood must be collected
  and stored prior to budding
• June budding (late May to early June) it is used
  to obtain a 1-yr-old budded tree in 1 season

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Chip budding

• a chip (with a bud) is placed into a stock that
  has had a chip removed
• neither stock nor scion needs to have slipping
  bark
• cambia of scion chip and stock must be matched
  closely

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Patch budding

• scion patch (w/bud, w/o wood) is slid off
  sideways, placed into a stock after the bark
  patch is removed
• works well on thick-barked species (e.g., pecans,
  walnuts)
• requires bark of both scion and stock to be
  slipping easily
• usu. done in late summer or early fall

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Factors influencing success in grafting/budding

• the kind of plant
• the healing environment (temperature, moisture,
  oxygen)
• growth activity of stock and/or scion
• grafting technique
• viruses, insects, disease
• polarity
• limits (closeness of the botanical relationship)
• graft incompatibility

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Symptoms of graft incompatibility

• yellowing foliage (esp. in the latter part of the
  growing season)
• premature death of the tree
• difference in growth rate or vigor of the scion,
  compared with the stock
• graft components break apart cleanly at the graft
  union

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Types of graft incompatibility

• anatomical flaws (e.g., vascular discontinuity)
• localized incompatibility (i.e., requires contact
  between stock and scion)
• translocated incompatibility (i.e., not overcome
  by an interstock)
• pathogen-induced incompatibility (i.e., a latent
  virus introduced by grafting from a resistant to
  a susceptible partner)

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Translocated incompatibility

• Nonpareil almond/Marianna 2624 plum -
  incompatible
• Texas almond/Marianna 2624 plum - compatible
• Nonpareil/Texas/2624 - incompatible (phloem
  breakdown at the Texas/2624 junction means that
  the incompatibility factor is translocated)