Justice and Effectiveness

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Justice and Effectiveness
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For Consideration

• What things must the leaders and their people
  think about in considering what the state should
  do?

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Justice

• What is justice?
• Do we base it on weight of contributions?
• Contributions can be based on luck as much as
  virtue
• Doesnt account for need
• Do we base it on need?
• Very tricky
• It is all very difficult to assess
• Substantive justice
• Looks at the idea that people should receive what
  they need and deserve

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Procedural Justice

• Worries less about fairness or distribution and
  more about procedures by which decisions are
  reached
• Whether government action is arbitrary
• Capricious
• Due process
• Could have learned of existence and meaning of
  law before committing act
• Entitle to know with why they are charged and the
  evidence against them
• Judges must be disinterested, unbiased, and
  attentive
• Some means of later reconsideration
• Trial is invalid if rules violated

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Procedural Justice

• Whether special basic rights are violated
• Right to survive
• Right of free speech
• Right to privacy
• Not necessarily absolute
• Whether special overriding social needs are
  present
• To be just to most of the people, may mean being
  less just to others
• Times of war
• Ends justify the means
• Is this right normally?

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Effectiveness

• An effective policy is one that gives the state
  and the people of the state the greatest benefits
  at the least cost
• Tough to measure and compare
• Unanticipated consequences
• Any judgment must take into account all the costs
  and benefitsnot just those intended

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Effectiveness

• Do we want to rely more on governmental authority
  or market mechanisms to carry out policies?
• Under government authority, people get less say
• Under market mechanisms, government leaves choice
  up to people to choose for themselves through
  exchange of goods and services
• Can be an interplay of both
• Examples? When? Why?

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Problems

• Problems with Authority
• Not good at getting things to people who need
  them most or will value them most (does not
  allocate optimally)
• Lack of incentives to encourage authority-based
  policy to use resources as efficiently as they
  might need to be
• Problems with Market
• Unequal distribution
• Not good with public goods
• Do not take into account externalities
• Social cost does not enter market calculations
• Positive and negatives

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Democracy and Autocracy
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Regimes

• General form of government of a stateincludes
  constitution and rules of government
• Typically continues beyond the term of
  officeholders
• Democracy and autocracy

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Democracy

• Regime in which all fully qualified citizens vote
  at regular intervals to choose, from among
  alternative candidates, the people who will be in
  charge of setting the states policies
• There is no pure democracy
• On the other end, we have authoritarian
  democracythus, we have a range
• Democratic bargain
• Implicit agreement by conflicting groups to
  accept possibility that they will lose out in the
  making of policy
• Of the 104 states that were independent as of
  1960, only 29 have an uninterrupted record of
  electoral democratic government

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The Waves of Democracy

• Wave I
• Wake of WWI
• Germany and others in E. Europealong with Latin
  America
• Ultimately tended to failwhy?
• Wave II
• Wake of WWII
• Reestablished in Germany and Italyand other
  former European colonies in Third World
• Wave III
• Late 1970s thru mid-1990s
• Southern Europe, Latin America, E. Europe, around
  the world

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So Why Democracy During the Third Wave?

• Fatigue of authoritarian regimes
• International pressure
• Citizen desire for security against arbitrary
  abuse
• Citizen desire for economic development
• Potential downfall democracy opens up potential
  for regional nationalist pressures

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What We Learn from the Third Wave

• The importance of pacts
• Try to assure smooth transition
• Amnesty? Symbolic affirmation? Fund army?
• Didnt work in Eastern Europe as muchwhy?
• Sudden changes
• Figure 7.1
• Net rewards of coming out may tip suddenly
• The danger of favoring democracy can decrease
  quickly
• Economic crisis or not
• Transition occurs differently depending on state
  of economy
• Impacts the importance of pacts

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Link Between Prosperity and Democracy

• Average per capita income of 9,053 for
  democracies, 1,653 for non-democracies
• Are democracies better at fostering economic
  growth? Or is it too tough to say?
• Figure 7.2once a state is a democracy,
  prosperity makes it more likely that it will
  remain a democracy
• Link between democracy and freedomwhat makes it
  tough?
• Link between democracy and capitalismwhat makes
  it tough?

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Autocracy

• Of the 104 states that were independent as of
  1960, only 13 have an uninterrupted record of
  autocratic regimes
• Examples
• USSR
• Pakistan
• Saudi Arabia
• Congo/Zaire

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Military Government

• Group of officers use troops to take over the
  government apparatus and run it themselves
• Coup detat
• Cluster around certain times
• Institutionalized in some areas
• Military controls more armed power than anyone
  else
• Vary with political direction
• No relationship with economic performance

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Why Not More?

• Legitimacy
• How they take power
• They have not been trained to be political
  leaders
• Problem of succession
• Shaky alliances

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One-Party States

• Government is based on and supports a political
  partythe only one allowed to exist
• More stable and responsive than military
• Embrace a reasonable range of social groups
• Varied positions can develop into factions
• Transition of leadership can occur
• Most frequent form of autocratic government

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Other Flavors

• Monarchy
• Power passes through descent in family
• Relatively underdeveloped
• Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait
• Different than constitutional monarchies
• Theocracy
• Religious leaders derive power from positions in
  religion
• Iran and Vatican City

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Democracy v. Autocracy

• Economic development
• Average performance grew at about 4
• Range of possible outcomes was wildly greater
  than for democracies
• More likely to have miracles or disasters with
  autocracy
• Life expectancy
• At each level of per capita income , those living
  in democracies can expect to live significantly
  longer than those in autocracies (as much as 5.6
  years in most prosperous states)