RESPIRATORY DISEASES

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RESPIRATORY DISEASES
PPT HEK SCIENCE DEPT
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H E A L T H Y
L U N G
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RESPIRATORY
ASTHMA BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA PNEUMONIA ASP.
PNEUMONIA CYSTIC FIBROSIS PNEUMOCONIOSIS ARDS PUL
EMBOLISM PUL INFARCT
DISEASES
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ASTHMA BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA
C O P D
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ASTHMA

• A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASE WITH
  OBSTRUCTION, INFLAMMATION AND HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS
  .
• SYMPTOMS WHEEZING, DYSPNEA, COUGH AND MUCOID
  SPUTUM.
• CAUSE IS NOT KNOWN BUT INVOLVES CONTRACTION OF
  MUSCLES, MUCUS AND SWELLING OF AIRWAYS.

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Plasma cell
Next time allergens enter the body they are
attracted to IgE on mast cells and cause a
release of histamine which causes
bronchoconstriction and vasodilatation.
Allergensdust pollen, foods.
IgE
antigens
Allergic reaction
IgE attaches to mast and basophil cells
Release of histamine

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ASTHMA SYMPTOMS

• WHEEZING
• CYANOSIS
• IRRITABLE
• RESP RATE
• SWEATING
• O2 SATlt90-92
• UNABLE TO TALK MORE THAN A FEW WORDS AT A TIME.

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PEAK FLOW TEST
PEFR PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE A DROP IN 50-60
IS INDICATION OF A SEVERE ATTACK.
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TREATMENT

• BETA-ADRENERGIC AGENTS - CAUSE BRONCHIAL SMOOTH
  MUSCLE RELAXATION AND INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATORY
  CELLS, SUBSTANCES. (Albuterol).
• THEOPHYLLINE BRONCHODILATOR. ORIGINALLY
  DERIVED FROM TEA LEAVES.
• CORTICOSTEROIDS - REDUCE INFLAMMATION.
• O2 THERAPY
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC INFECTION.

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BRONCHITIS
INFLAMMATION OF THE BRONCHI. OFTEN FOLLOWS A COLD
OR ANY INFECTION OF NOSE AND THROAT. AGGRAVATED
BY SMOKING OR SMOKE, DUST AND CHEMICALS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
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BRONCHITIS SYMPTOMS

• COUGH WORSE IN AM WITH CLEAR MUCOUS SPUTUM.
• BECOMES THICKER YELLOW IF INFECTION OCCURS
• FEVER SUGGESTS BACTERIAL INFECTION.

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MUCOUS PLUG
BRONCHIAL GLAND WITH EXCESS MUCOUS
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BRONCHITIS TREATMENT

• REST
• FLUIDS
• ANTIPYRETIC FOR FEVERS
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR PURULENT SPUTUM WHEN HIGH FEVER
  PERSISTS.

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EMPHYSEMA

• CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN WHICH AIR SACS DEGENERATE
  UNTIL ELASTIC FIBERS ARE DESTROYED. LEADS TO A
  DECREASE IN LUNG ELASTICITY, RESULTING IN
  ACCUMULATION OF CO2 IN THE LUNGS POST EXHALATION.

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EMPHYSEMA CAUSES AN OVER-INFLATION OF THE ALVEOLI
RESULTING FROM A BREAKDOWN OF THE WALLS WITH
DECREASED RESPIRATORY FUNCTION.
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DAMAGE TO ALVEOLI IS IRREVERSIBLE AND RESULTS IN
HOLES AND BULLAE IN LUNG TISSUE
MOTH-EATEN APPEARANCE
BULLAE
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ETIOLOGY

• SMOKING
• ADV. STAGE OF BRONCHITIS
• MAY FOLLOW ASTHMA AND TB
• ATT-ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY RELATED
  EMPHYSEMA

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HOW SERIOUS IS EMPHYSEMA?

• 2.8 MILLION AMERICANS
• RANKS 15th AMONG CHRONIC CONDITIONS TO ACTIVITY
  LIMITATIONS
• MEN HAVE HIGHER RATES 53 HIGHER THAN FEMALES

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SYMPTOMS

• INCREASING SOB
• COUGH
• SPUTUM PRODUCTION
• PROLONGED EXPIRATION
• ANOREXIA
• WT LOSS
• MALAISE

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SMOKERS LUNG
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OLD PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST
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MODERN PFT
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TREATMENT

• NO CURE
• STOP SMOKING
• BRONCHODILATOR DRUGS
• ANTIBIOTICS
• TREAT WITH A1P1 FOR THOSE WHO HAVE DEFICIENCY
• LUNG TRANSPLANT
• LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION
• BREATHING EXERCISES PD

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EMPHYSEMA PATIENT
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BARREL CHEST
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PERCUSSION
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ARDS

• A FAILURE OF THE RESP SYS BY FLUID ACCUMULATION
  WITHIN THE LUNGS THAT CAUSE THEM TO STIFFEN.
  CAUSES BLOOD VESSELS TO LEAK INTO THE LUNGS
• ETIOLOGIES TRAUMA, SHOCK, BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS,
  HEAD INJURY, SMOKE INHALATION AND NEAR DROWNING.
• UPON XRAY LUNGS BECOME WHITED-OUT

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ARDS SYMPTOMS TREATMENT

• RAPID BREATHING
• NASAL FLARING
• CYANOSIS
• DYSPNEA
• ANXIETY AND STRESS
• APNEA AT TIMES
• RALES, RHONCHI AND WHEEZES

• SURVIVAL RATE IS 50 WITH 90 HAVINGA CARDIAC
  ARREST
• O2 AT 100 IS ADMINISTERED INTUBATION AND
  MECHANICAL VENTILATION
• MEDS TO REDUCE INFLAMMATION

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ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
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ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA

• ABNORMAL ENTRY OF FLUIDS VOMIT, BILE, ACIDS
  INTO THE LUNGS.
• TAKES COURSE SIMILAR TO ARDS
• SAME TYPE OF TREATMENT IS REQUIRED TO GIVE
  RESPIRATORY SUPPORT WITH O2 AND MECHANICAL
  VENTILATION.
• FREQUENT SUCTIONING IS DONE EARLY IN THE COURSE
  OF TREATMENT.
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

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PNEUMONIA

• INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS DUE TO BACT, VIRUSES OR
  CHEM IRRITANTS
• MOST COMMON TYPE IS BACT PNEUMONIA FROM STREP.
  PNEUMONIAE
• OCCURS WHEN THE BODY IS WEAKENED FROM ILLNESS,
  MALNUTRITION, OLD AGE

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SYMPTOMS

• CHILLS, HIGH FEVER
• CHEST PAIN
• PRUNE COLORED SPUTUM
• SWEATING
• RAPID PULSE AND BREATHING
• CYANOSIS
• CONFUSED MENTAL STATE.

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TREATMENT ANTIBIOTICS, O2, NEBULIZER, POSTURAL
DRAINAGE, NUTRITION, FLUIDS VACCINES.
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VACCINATION
NEXT
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PNEUMOCONIOSESOCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

• INHALATION OF PARTICLES DUSTS, SILICA, ASBESTOS,
  COAL, IRON OXIDES, COTTON, FLAX
• PARTICLES DEPOSITED DEPEND ON SEDIMENTATION,
  INERTIAL IMPACTION AND DIFFUSION

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PATHOLOGY OF DISEASE
INHALED PARTICULATES
PROLIFERATIONOF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DUE TO
IRRITATION
COLLAGEN FORMATION COALESCING OF NODULES
END RESULT IS LUNG AND HEART FAILURE
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NODULE OF DUST
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TYPES OF PNEUMCONIOSES

• SILICOSIS
• ASBESTOSIS
• ANTHRACOSIS
• SIDEROSIS
• BAGASOSSIS
• BYSSINOSIS

ASBESTOS FIBERS
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SYMPTOMS

• SOB RELATED TO SIZE OF NODULES
• WHEEZING
• COUGH
• DYSPNEA
• WEIGHT LOSS
• EXCESS SPUTUM
• REDUCED EXERCISE TOLERANCE

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TREATMENT

• DUST SUPPRESSION
• TREAT SYMPTOMS
• SIMILAR TO COPD TREATMENT
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC. INFECTION
• O2 THERAPY
• NEB AND STEROIDS

CITY LUNG
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CYSTIC FIBROSIS

• INHERITED AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE TRAIT OCCURRING IN
  ABOUT 5 OF POP.
• A DISEASE OF EXOCRINE GLANDS WHICH HYPER-SECRETE
  PRIMARILY AFFECTING RESPIRATORY AND GI SYSTEMS
• MOST COMMON LETHAL GENETIC DIS. IN WHITE POP.

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SYMPTOMS
ABN SWEAT AND MUCOUS GLANDS WITH LOSS OF NaCl CAN
CAUSE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE, ARRHYTHMIAS,
SHOCK. THICK MUCOUS CAUSES RESP INFECTION,
DYSPNEA, LUNG DISEASE, MALNUTRITION POOR GROWTH.
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CHEST PHYSICAL THERAPY
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NEBULIZER DELIVERY OF BRONCHODILATORS
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TREATMENT OF CF

• PT
• EXERCISE TO LOOSEN MUCUS AND STIMULATE COUGHING
• BRONCHODILATORS
• O2 THERAPY
• ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC. INF.
• NUTRITION AND VITAMINS
• LUNG TRANSPLANT

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PULMONARY EMBOLUS

• SUDDEN LODGEMENT OF A BLOOD CLOT WITH OBSTRUCTION
  OF BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LUNG PARENCHYMA.
• CAN LEAD TO NECROSIS OF LUNG TISSUE PUL. INFARCT

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SYMPTOMS TREATMENT

• SYMPTOMSVARY IN FREQ. INTENSITY
• TACHYPNEA
• SUBSTERNAL CHEST PAIN
• HYPOXEMIA
• TREATMENT ANALGESICS, HEPARIN (WATCH FOR
  BLEEDING), O2, SEDATIVES, PUL. EMBOLECTOMY.

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PhotoGallery
anthracosis
bulbous emphysema
bronchopneumonia
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PhotoGallery
CF bronchiectasis
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emphysema
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PhotoGallery
Pul embolus
Pul infarct
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PhotoGallery
pneumonia
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siderosis
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Status asthmaticus
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TB
Lung transplant
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• www.pediatriconall.com
• www.courier-journal.com
• www.fpnotebook.com
• www.itc.csmd.edu
• //krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu
• www.merck.com
• med-lab.utah.edu