The Respiratory System

1
The Respiratory System

• Chapter 18
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

2
Pollution. What is it?
Air pollution in London
1st and Last Image

• What is it?
• What causes it?
• How does it effect us?
• What body systems does it effect?

3
Air Pollution has direct links to

• Cancer
• Birth defects
• Genetic Mutations
• Asthma complications ER visits, Higher number of
  cases
• Pollution related premature deaths due to
  breathing difficulties.

4
Problems with Air Pollution

• Decrease in the Ozone layer
• Cataracts clouding of the eyes
• Skin cancer
• Lung burn
• Increase in Global Warming
• More CO2 in the ocean
• PH of Ocean increasing species death.

5

• In order to see how air pollution effects the
  human body we need to take a closer look at the
  main system effected the respiratory system. How
  it works, and what can go wrong.

6
General Overview of the Respiratory system.

• General Function
• Take air from outside the body and bring it into
  the lungs.
• Filters
• Exchanges CO2 and O2
• Removes CO2 from the body

O2 in The lungs
7
What is Respiration?

• The general process of taking air from the
  outside and bringing it to the body cells
• Used for cellular respiration in the
  mitochondria- to make ATP

8
How can pollution effect the lungs?

• Watch, take notes and see!

Pollution in the lungs
9
Review How does Air get into the lungs and then
to the body?

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10
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11
The Organs of the Respiratory System

• Nose
• Made of cartilage, anchored by bone and
  cartilage.- never stops growing.
• Nostrils- opening which lets air through.
  Problem Deviated Septum Crooked nostrils
• Nostrils have hair- filters or prevents large
  items from entering any further.

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13
Pharynx

• Located dorsal to the Nasal Cavity but superior
  to the Larynx.
• Fork in the road. Shoots food down towards the
  esophagus (digestive system) and shoots air down
  to the trachea.
• Intubation- When a patient cant breath, and is
  unconscious, an endotracheal tube is inserted.
  Physicians must visualize the pharynx and
  intubate towards the larynx and lungs not down
  the esophagus.

Intubation Clips
14
The pharynx as a common pathway for food and air.
15
The Larynx

• Enlarged area atop the trachea.
• Made of muscle and cartilage which is bound
  together by elastic tissue.
• Contains the vocal cords.
• Sound is produced when air squeezes between the
  vocal cords, causes vibrations, causing sound
  waves. Words are formed when the shape of the
  larynx and oral cavity is changed by moving your
  lips and tongue.

16
Normal vocal chords to the left. Smokers vocal
chords to right.
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18
The Trachea
Cilia tiny hairs Trapped particles - dust,
pollen, pollution

• AKA the Windpipe
• Flexible 2.5 cm diameter tube. Starts from below
  the larynx continuing downward until it splits
  into 2 bronchi.
• Inner walls contain ciliated mucous membranes
  which trap particles. The trapped particles are
  pushed up into the pharynx for removal (cough)

19
The cilia sweep the mucous trapped particles to
the nose.

• .

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More on the Trachea

• Made of C-shaped pieces of cartilage.
• When food enters the esophagus, it pushes against
  the trachea- the soft tissue allows it to
  collapse, and the C-shaped pieces of cartilage
  provide enough support to prevent the trachea
  from collapsing.
• Try swallowing and taking a breath at the same
  time. Why is this difficult?

22
The Bronchial Tree

• From the trachea to the left and right lung.
• The trachea branches into the Right and Left
  Primary bronchus.
• Then branches into secondary and finally tertiary
  bronchi ultimately leading to the bronchiole and
  the Alveoli.
• Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries (where gas
  exchange takes place).

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25
Review Quiz
Are you ready?
26
How do you Breathe?

• Inspiration Diaphragm and external intercostals
  contract, the size of the thoracic cavity
  increases. Internal pressure 758
• Expiration Diaphragm and external intercostals
  relax, the size of the thoracic cavity decreases.
  Internal pressure 762.
• ATM Atmospheric Pressure 760

CPR Video
Lung Sounds
27
Pons and Medulla control center of breathing.
Location Brain Stem

• .

28
Read pg. 400-401

• What is The bends?
• What is Nitrogen narcosis?
• Why can scuba diving be dangerous?
• How can you minimize these dangers?

29
Diseases

• Take Notes of
• Symptoms
• Observations
• Treatments
• Prognosis

30
Asthma coughed up mucous plug
Better Asthma Link
31
Emphysema Enlarged bubble-like air sacks.

• .

32
Emphysema Normal (L), Diseased (R)
Carbon spots from pollution.
33
If you want to feel what its like to have
emphysema, try taking a deep breath and hold it.
Without letting out any air, take another deep
breath. Hold that one too. One more time, take
one more breath. Okay let it all out. That second
or third breath is what it feels like to breathe
when you have advanced emphysema. Emphysema is a
disease where you cannot exhale air. Everyone
thinks that it is a disease where you cannot
inhale but in fact it is the opposite. When you
smoke you destroy the lungs elasticity by
destroying the tissue that pulls your lung back
together after using muscles that allow us to
inhale air. So when it comes time to take your
next breath it is that much more difficult, for
your lungs could not get back to their original
shape. Imagine to live struggling each breath
like those last two breaths. Unfortunately,
millions of people don't have to imagine it, they
live it daily. It is a truly miserable way to
live and a slow painful way to die.
34
Tuberculosis TB/ Consumption
Contagious, Airborne bacteria. Lives about 5
min. Antibiotics can cure. Causes lungs to
bleed, drown in your own blood.
35
Compare a healthy lung (L) to a cancerous lung (R)
Carbon spots from pollution.
36
Oat Cell Carcinoma no surgical cure,
infiltrates, less 5 survival .
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Asbestos Microscopic image in lung, body coats
it with Ca and Fe
38
Notice the build up of scar tissue in the lower
lung and the cancerous mass.
No cure. Treatment is prevention of respiratory
illness and careful examination by X-ray for
cancer. Oxygen therapy helps as lungs loose
elasticity.
39
How has pollution influenced the previous
diseases?

• Asthma
• Emphysema
• Carcinoma
• Asbestos
• TB (transferable in crowded areas, but not
  associated with pollutions.)
• What can you do if you are inflicted and live in
  a polluted area. Monitor the AQI Air quality
  index.

Pollution in the lungs
40
What can be done?

• Replacement of the internal combustion engine
• Elimination of the use of fossil fuels
• The Kyoto Protocol or Kyoto Treaty
• City planning and mass transit.
• Reduced emissions from industry and auto.