Translation Tutorial

1
Translation Tutorial
Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse.
2
Translation
ribosome
ribosome
ribosome

• Translation takes place at the ribosome and its
  the process of the ribosomes creating proteins
  from smaller amino acids. How did we get to the
  ribosome? Lets review.

3
Transcription Review
BACK
CELL NUCEUS
ribosome

• A process called transcription starts in the
  nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase
  splits the DNA molecule.

NEXT
4
Transcription Review
BACK
CELL NUCEUS
AUG CCA UAU GGC UAA GCA
ribosome
NEXT

• A process called transcription starts in the
  nucleus, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase
  splits the DNA molecule.
• Next, free floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the
  open DNA molecule.
• Once finished, the mRNA breaks away and exits the
  nucleus. The mRNA will then join a ribosome. Now,
  the process of translation will begin.

5
Translation Process
BACK
ribosome

• The ribosome will read 3 mRNA nucleotides at a
  time. The 3 mRNA nucleotides are called a codon.
  Each codon will match for the delivery of a
  specific amino acid.
• Remember that amino acids link together to create
  a single protein.

Click to see the codons
It took scientists many years of experimentation
to learn which codon creates which amino acid.
6
The Genetic Code
BACK
This table is the same for almost every organism
on Earth. In the chart above, click on the AUG
codon.
7
AUG codon
BACK

• Correct! Whenever an AUG codon is read by the
  ribosome, the amino acid called METHIONINE will
  be delivered to the ribosome. Notice how the
  chart says start codon below methionine? This
  also means that the codon AUG will activate the
  ribosome to start the process of making a
  protein.
• Click on the CCA codon.

8
CCA codon
BACK

• Correct! Whenever a CCA codon is read by the
  ribosome, the amino acid called PROLINE will be
  delivered to the ribosome. This process will
  continue until a Stop codon is read by the
  ribosome. This is how the ribosome knows that a
  protein is finished.
• Click on any of the STOP CODONS.

9
Transfer RNA
BACK
Amino Acid serine

• Correct! Stop codons tell the ribosome to stop
  making a protein.
• So whoor whatis delivering these amino acids?
  In the cytoplasm, there are countless amino acids
  and other molecules called transfer RNA (tRNA).
  tRNA will pick up the proper amino acid and
  deliver it to the ribosome.

Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid methionine
10
Watching the Process
BACK

• The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will
  begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click
  on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to
  the ribosome? Hint Examine the Genetic Code
  chart on your handout to find the 1st codon.

choices
Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off
methionine and the ribosome moves to the next
codon.
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid methionine
1st codon
ribosome
11
Watching the Process
BACK

• The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will
  begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click
  on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to
  the ribosome? Hint Examine the Genetic Code
  chart on your handout to find the 1st codon.

choices
Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off
methionine and the ribosome moves to the next
codon.
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid methionine
ribosome
12
Watching the Process

• The mRNA enters the ribosome. The ribosome will
  begin to read the mRNA one codon at a time. Click
  on the amino acid that will be 1st delivered to
  the ribosome? Hint Examine the Genetic Code
  chart on your handout to find the 1st codon.

choices
Now that methionine is delivered, tRNA drops off
methionine and the ribosome moves to the next
codon.
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
Click on the next amino acid to be delivered.
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid methionine
2nd codon
ribosome
13
Watching the Process
BACK

• Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid
  proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the
  ribosome.

Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and
exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon.
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid methionine
ribosome
14
Watching the Process
BACK

• Correct! CCA is the codon for the amino acid
  proline. Transfer RNA will deliver proline to the
  ribosome.

Again, tRNA will drop off the amino acid and
exit. The ribosome will move to the next codon.
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid methionine
ribosome
15
Watching the Process
BACK

• Click on the amino acid which will be the 3rd
  delivered to the ribosome.

Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves
down a notch.
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid tyrosine
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
ribosome
16
Watching the Process
BACK

• Click on the amino acid which will the 3rd
  delivered to the ribosome.

Once again, the tRNA exits and the ribosome moves
down a notch.
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
Click on the amino acid that will be 4th
delivered.
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid tyrosine
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
ribosome
17
Watching the Process
BACK

• Yep GGC is the codon for the amino acid GLYCINE.
  Transfer RNA will deliver glycine to the ribosome.

Now what happens?
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
mRNA reads the DNA
DNA helix splits
tRNA exits
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid glycine
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid tyrosine
ribosome
18
Watching the Process
BACK

• You got it!

Examine the next codon and click the proper
choice from the table below.
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid glycine
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid tyrosine
ribosome
19
Watching the Process
BACK

• STOP! This protein is finished. The ribosome and
  mRNA will break apart. How many amino acids long
  is this finished protein?

One
Two
Three
choices
phenylalanine
serine
histidine
Glutamic acid
leucine
proline
glutamine
cysteine
Five
Four
isoleucine
threonine
asparagine
tryptophan
methionine
alanine
lysine
arginine
valine
tyrosine
Aspartic acid
glycine
Stop codon
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid glycine
Amino Acid tyrosine
ribosome
20
BACK
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid glycine
Amino Acid tyrosine
1
2
4
3

• This protein is only 4 amino acids in length. In
  reality, they are often thousands of amino acids
  in size. This finished protein will now by used
  by the cell or exported by which organelle of the
  cell?

Mitochondria
Golgi body
Rough ER
Chlorplast
21
Final Review
BACK

• Good memory.
• Review 1 Which process creates the mRNA that is
  read by the ribosome?
• Replication
• Transcription
• Translation

22
Final Review
BACK

• Correct!
• Review 2 What does tRNA deliver to the
  ribosome?
• mRNA
• DNA
• Amino acids
• Proteins

23
Final Review
BACK

• Correct!
• Review 3 Which molecule directly determines
  which amino acid transfer RNA delivers to the
  ribosome?
• messenger RNA
• DNA
• RNA polymerase
• The nucleus

24
Final Review
BACK

• Correct!
• Review 4 Where does the process of translation
  take place?
• Inside the nucleus
• Inside the Golgi body
• At the ribosome
• Inside the vacuole

25
Final Review
BACK

• Correct!
• Review 5 If the DNA code was TTC-AAT-GGC,
  perform transcription to determine the mRNA code.
• AAG-TTA-CCG
• TTC-AAT-GGC
• AAG-UUA-CCG
• UUG-TTA-UCG

26
Final Review
BACK

• Correct!
• Review 6 If the mRNA code is AAG-UUA-CCG, which
  three amino acids are going to be delivered to
  the ribosome?
• LYSINE CYSTEINE - ASPARAGINE
• LEUCINE - PROLINE - VALINE
• LYSINE LEUCINE - PROLINE
• SERINE METHIONINE - GLUTAMIC ACID

27
Correct!I hope this tutorial was helpful. This
will be posted on my website for you to review at
any time. Turn in your handout. Feel free to
start over if you would like to do some review.
28
Find the AUG codon. This code tells the ribosome
to deliver the amino acid called methionine.
Click on the AUG codon to proceed.
29
Find the CCA codon. This code tells the ribosome
to deliver the amino acid called proline. Click
on the CCA codon to proceed.
30
Find the stop codons. These codes tells the
ribosome to stop creating the protein. Click on
the any stop codon to proceed.
31
The first three letters are AUG. The ribosome
reads the AUG and the amino acid called
methionine is delivered. Click return to try
again.
return
32
The next three letters are CCA. The ribosome
reads the CCA and the amino acid called proline
is delivered. Click return to try again.
return
33
The next three letters are UAU. The ribosome
reads the UAU and the amino acid called tyrosine
is delivered. Click return to try again.
return
34
DNA is not directly involved in translation. Try
again.
return
35
This has already happened. I want to know what
happens next. Try again.
return
36
The next three letters are UAA. The ribosome
reads the UAA and this is one of the signals to
stop creating the protein. Click return to try
again.
return
37
Amino Acid methionine
Amino Acid proline
Amino Acid glycine
Amino Acid tyrosine
1
2
4
3

• Count em up!
• This protein is only 4 amino acids in length.

return
38
Mitochondria Creates ATP energy
Rough ER Transports ribosomes around the cell
Chloroplast Creates sugars by photosynthesis
Click return to try again.
return
39
Replication Process of DNA duplication
Translation Process of creating proteins
Click return to try again.
return
40
mRNA Their role is to read the DNA code and carry the message to a ribosome
DNA Its role is to provide the original code to create a protein
Proteins They are created by translation and used in a wide variety of cell functions.
Click return to try again.
return
41
DNA Its role is to provide the original code to create a protein.
RNA polymerase Its role is to cut the DNA at the start of transcription.
The Nucleus This is where transcription occurs when the DNA is copied by the mRNA.
Click return to try again.
return
42
Inside the nucleus Transcription takes place inside the nucleus (not translation)
Inside the Golgi body This is where a finished protein will travel to be sorted. However, the protein is not created at the Golgi body.
Inside the Vacuole This is where food and water are stored. The vacuole plays no part in translation.
Click return to try again.
return
43
DNA nucleotide mRNA nucleotide
A U
T A
C G
G C
Remember this transcription table?
return
44
-UUA-CCG
AAG

• I will help you get started. The first codon is
  AAG. Find AAG on the mRNA codon chart. AAG codes
  for lysine. This is the amino acid that tRNA will
  deliver.

return