Immunisation

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Immunisation
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TimelineMilestones in Immunisation

• 429 BC Thucydides notices smallpox survivors did
  not get re-infected
• 900 AD Chinese practise variolation
• 1700s Variolation reaches Turkey and rest of
  Europe
• 1796 Edward Jenner from variolation to
  vaccination
• 1803 Royal Jennerian Institute founded
• 1870s Violent opposition to vaccination
• 1880s Louis Pasteur - sheep trials and rabies
• 1890 Emil von Behring discovers basis of
  diphtheria and tetanus vaccines
• 1920s Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping
  cough) and BCG (against
  tuberculosis) vaccines widely available
• 1955 Polio immunisation programme begins
• 1956 WHO launch global drive to eradicate
  smallpox
• 1980 Smallpox eradicated

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Why Immunise?

• Immunisation is a way of protecting against
  serious disease.
• Once immunised bodies can fight those diseases if
  they come into contact with them.
• If not immunised you will be at risk from
  catching the disease.
• The only time to stop immunising is when a
  disease has been eradicated worldwide.

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What is a vaccine?

• Vaccines stimulate our immune system to produce
  antibodies without us having to become infected
  with the actual disease.
• A dose of vaccine may contain
• a suspending fluid to carry the vaccine into the
  body
• preservatives and stabilisers so the vaccine can
  be stored safely, and
• an adjuvant to improve the body's immune response.

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How are vaccines made?

• Vaccine manufacture starts by generating the very
  organism that produces the disease, the pathogen
• Many bacteria, for example, can be grown on agar
  gel. Viruses are mass produced by infecting cells
  grown in tissue culture.
• Then the pathogen must be altered to make sure it
  doesn't trigger the disease itself.

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Types of immunity

• Active via vaccine
• Passive inherited from Mother

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Herd immunity?

• For more detail go to http//www.immunisation.nhs
  .uk

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Childhood Immunisation
WHEN TO IMMUNISE WHAT IS GIVEN HOW IT IS GIVEN
2, 3 and 4 months old Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), polio and Hib (DTaP/IPV/Hib) One injection
  MenC One injection
Around 13 months old Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) One injection
3 years and 4 months to 5 years old Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough) and polio (dTaP/IPV or DTaP/IPV) One injection
  Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) One injection
10 to 14 years old (and sometimes shortly after birth) BCG (against tuberculosis) Skin test, then, if needed, one injection
13 to 18 years old Diphtheria, tetanus, polio (Td/IPV) One injection
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Travel vaccines

• You may need extra immunisations when going
  abroad.
• For more information on vaccines and health
  advice for travel abroad

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Influenza

• Three types
• A
• B
• C usually mild
• Respiratory disease spread through droplet
  infection.
• Incubation period 1 3 days

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Pneumococcal

• The pneumococcal vaccine (or pneumo vaccine for
  short) protects against pneumococcal infection.
• People who are 65 and over are now routinely
  offered the vaccine.

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The global context

• The two public health interventions that have
  had the greatest impact on the worlds health are
  clean water and vaccines
• (World Health Organisation)

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Global Immunisation Facts

• 3 million children die every year from diseases
  that are entirely preventable.
• 30 million infants have no access to basic
  immunisation each year.
• In almost 50 nations, 60 percent of the children
  are not immunised.
• A child in the developing world is ten times more
  likely to die a vaccine-preventable death than a
  child in an industrialised nation.
• One child can be fully immunised for 17 (about
  30)
• Every 1 spent on immunisation saves society up
  to 29.