Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell

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Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell
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Faith is a fine invention when gentlemen can
see, but microscopes are prudent in an
emergency.Emily Dickinson
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Observation

• Is the keystone of science.
• Need Techniques to observe
  cells.

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Question ?

• Can cells be seen with the naked eye?

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Microscope History

• 1590 - Janseen Brothers invent the compound
  microscope.
• 1665 - Robert Hooke discovers cells in cork.
• Early 1700s - von Leeuwenhoek makes many
  observations of cells including bacteria.

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Light Microscope - LM
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Light Microscope
Occular Lens
Objective Lens
Stage with specimen
Light Source
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Magnification
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Resolution
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Limitations - LM
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Light Microscope Variations

• Fluorescence uses dyes to make parts of cells
  glow.
• Phase-contrast enhances contrasts in density.
• Confocal uses lasers and special optics to focus
  only narrow slides of cells.

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Electron Microscopes
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TEM
SEM
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Advantages
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Disadvantages
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Transmission Electron Microscope - TEM
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TEM Limitations
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Scanning Electron Microscope - SEM

• Excellent views of surfaces.
• Produces 3-D views.
• Live specimens possible.

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Limitations

• Lower magnifications than the TEM.

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EM Variations

• High Voltage TEM
• Tunnel SEM
• Elemental Composition SEM

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Cell Biology or Cytology

• Cyto cell -
  ology study of
• Should use observations from several types of
  microscopes to make a total picture of how a cell
  is put together.

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Other Tools for Cytology
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Cell Fractionation
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Cell Fractionation
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Chromatography
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Electrophoresis
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History of Cells
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History of Cells

• 1833 - Robert Brown, discovered the nucleus.
• 1838 - M.J. Schleiden, all plants are
  made of cells.
• 1839 - T. Schwann, all animals are
  made of cells.
• 1840 - J.E. Purkinje, coined the term
  protoplasm.

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Cell Theory
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R. Virchow
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Types of Cells

• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic -.

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Both Have
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Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Nucleus
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Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
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How small can a cell be?

• Mycoplasmas - bacteria that are .1 to 1.0 mm.
  (1/10 the size of regular bacteria).

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Why Are Cells So Small?
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Basic Cell Organization
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Animal Cell
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Plant Cell
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Membrane
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Cytoplasm or Cytosol
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Organelle
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Organelles - function
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You must be able to
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Nucleus
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Structure
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Nuclear Membrane
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Nuclear Pores
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Nucleolus
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Chromatin

• Chrom colored
• - tin threads

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Nucleus - Function
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Ribosomes
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Subunits
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Locations

• Free in the cytoplasm -.
• Membrane bound -

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Endomembrane System
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Endomembrane System
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Structure of ER
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Types of ER

• Smooth ER
• Rough ER

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Golgi Apparatus
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Structure Has 2 Faces

• Cis face
• Trans face -

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Function of Golgi Bodies
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Golgi Vesicles
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Lysosome
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Function
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Lysosomes
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Vacuoles
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Protists
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Plants
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Function
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Function Plant vacuole
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Microbodies
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Microbodies

• Peroxisomes
• Glyoxysomes

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Enzymes in a crystal
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Mitochondria

• .

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Inner Membrane
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Function
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Mitochondria
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Chloroplasts
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Inner or Thylakoid Membranes
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Function
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Chloroplasts
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Plastids
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Examples

• Amyloplasts/ Leucoplasts
• Chromoplasts -

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Ergastic Materials
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Cytoskeleton
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Functions
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Components
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• 
  Intermed.
• Microtubules Microfilament Filaments
• Hollow Solid
  Cables
• Tubulin Actin
  (Keratin)
• Dynein
• Cilia/Flagella Muscle Anchors
• Contraction
  Organelles
• Cell Division

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Microtubules
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Tubulin

• .

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Microtubules
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Microtubules
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Cilia and Flagella
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Cilia and Flagella
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Dynein Protein
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Centrioles
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Basal Bodies
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Basal Body
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MTOCs
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Microfilaments
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Microfilaments are stained green.
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Functions
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Intermediate Filaments
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Functions
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Cytoskeleton
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Cell Wall
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Plant Cell Walls
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Primary Wall
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Secondary Wall
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Middle Lamella
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Cell Walls

• .

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Extracellular Matrix - ECM
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Intercellular Juctions
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Plasmodesmata
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Intercellular Juctions
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Tight Junctions
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Desmosomes
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Gap Junctions
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Summary

• Answer Why is Life cellular and what are the
  factors that affect cell size?
• Be able to identify cellular parts, their
  structure, and their functions.