Title: Need : Power point Outline
1- Need Power point Outline
- Worksheet Identifying Variables (spongebob)
- Gummi Worm Lab
2- You would be amazed at how often we hear the
same excuses for why a student was not in class,
or did not do the homework. - (from Gary Larson, The Far Side)
Welcome to Mrs. Greenes Biology Class
3Scientific Method
An organized way to solve a problem through
experimentation observation.
Video Scientific Method Rap
Power Point Outline
4Steps in the Scientific Method
- Identify the Problem.
- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Data Collection
- Conclusion
- Retest or Publish Results
5Observations
- Gathered through your senses- What are the five
senses? - A scientist notices something in their natural
world
6Observations
- An example of an observation might be noticing
that many salamanders near a pond have curved,
not straight, tails
7- You would be amazed at how often we hear the
same excuses for why a student was not in class,
or did not do the homework. - (from Gary Larson, The Far Side)
Welcome to Mrs. Greenes Biology Class
Observation
8In your group
How observant are you?
9Observation
- 1. What type of animals are in the picture?
- 2. How many animals are seated at desks?
- 3. How many animals have their tongue hanging out?
- 4. How many animals have a ruff (ring of fur)
around their neck?
10Observation
- 5. What represents numbers on the board?
- 6. How many sheets of paper are on the desk?
- 7. What is hanging on the wall behind the animals?
- 8. How many of the animals have their ears
perked up.
11Hypothesis
- A suggested solution to the problem.
- Must be testable
- Sometimes written as IfThen statements
- Predicts an outcome
12Hypothesis
- If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will
increase because...
13Experiment
- A procedure to test the hypothesis.
- Include a detailed materials list.
- The outcome must be measurable (quantifiable).
What does the prefix quant- mean?
14Experiment
- Variable factor in the experiment that is being
tested
15Experiment
- A good or valid experiment will only have ONE
variable!
16Scientific Experiments Follow Rules
- An experimenter changes one factor and observes
or measures what happens.
17The Control Variable
- The experimenter makes a special effort to keep
other factors constant so that they will not
affect the outcome. - Those factors are called (constants) controls
18What is the Purpose of a Control?
- Controls are NOT being tested
- Controls are used for COMPARISON
192 Types of Variables
- Independent variable
- Dependent variable
20Other Variables
- The factor that is changed is known as the
independent variable. (Manipulated) - The factor that is measured or observed is called
the dependent variable. (Respondinging)
21Controls and Variables
Controlled Experiment two groups 1. Control
group no variables (comparison
group) Controls- all the same in both
groups 2. Experimental Group variable
applied Independent variable the
experimenter changes Dependent variable
what is measured.
22Example Practice
Problem How does dog urine affect plants? How
would you write the problem using effect? Affect
verb Effect noun
23Example Practice
Problem How does dog urine affect plants? How
would you write a hypothesis? If., then.
24Example Practice
Problem How does dog urine affect plants? What
would be the variable (Independent) that would be
used? (What are you testing?)
25Example Practice
Problem How does dog urine affect plants? What
would be the Controls? (Control Group)
26Example of Controls Variables
- For example, suppose you want to figure out the
fastest route to walk home from school. - You will try several different routes and time
how long it takes you to get home by each one. - Since you are only interested in finding a route
that is fastest for you, you will do the walking
yourself.
27What are the Variables in Your Experiment?
- Varying the route is the independent variable
- The time it takes is the dependent variable
- Keeping the same walker throughout makes the
walker a control variable.
28One more thing it is best to make several trials
with each independent variable.
29Remember To be a Valid Experiment
- Two groups are required --- the control
experimental groups - There should be only one variable
30Data
- Results of the experiment
- May be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative
31Types of Data-
- Qualitative data describes the situation and
reaction in descriptive terms. For example,
qualitative involves the senses including sight,
taste, hearing, touch, and smell. This would
include color and shape. - The plant is green with small leaves.
32Types of Data
- Quantitative Data- data that involves numbers or
measurement usually in the form of a chart or
graph - The plant has an average of 6 leaves per stem and
is 58 cm high.
33Data
- Must be organized
- Can be organized into charts, tables, or graphs
34Data
- Data must be graphed to be organized
35Graphs
Displaying the data in a graph to understand
and communicate is an effective method of
organization.
- Types of graphs
- line graph - when showing how variables are
related. (can graph 2 experiments on one graph)
trends - bar graph - when comparing groups in terms of one
characteristic. - pie or circle graph when showing percentages or
fractions.
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37Graphing Rules
- Dependent Variable graphed on the y-axis
(vertical) - D dependent
- R responding
- Y y- axis
y axis vertical
DRY
38Graphing Rules
- Independent Variable graphed on the x-axis
(vertical) - M manipulated
- I independent
- X x- axis
y axis vertical
MIX
39Graphing Rules
40Graphing Rules
- Graphs always need title and both axis need to be
labeled. Make sure your interval and scale are
appropriate for the data. Changing the scale or
interval can change the way a graph looks,
resulting in the wrong interpretation of data.
TAILS
41Graphing Rules
- T Title
- A Axis
- I Intervals
- L Labels
- S - Scale
TAILS
42What is wrong with this graph?
43TAILS
Months of the year
44Graphs
- Graphs allow analysis - patterns in the data are
identified. Mathematical relationships may be
established and predictions can be made. - A model may even be created that explains the
results.
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46Data
- Analyze Results Modify the procedure if needed.
- Confirm the results by retesting.
- Include tables, graphs, and photographs.
47Retest
- In order to verify the results, experiments must
be retested.
48Start 4th here
49Conclusion
- The answer to the hypothesis based on the data
obtained from the experiment
50Review
In a laboratory report on the study of the
effects of different fertilizers on the growth of
marigolds, where would you MOST likely find a
graph that shows how the variables are A
hypothesis B procedure C data D conclusions
C
51Review
When leaving a movie theater, a person notices
that the sidewalk is now wet. If the person
assumes it rained during the movie, the person is
making A a hypothesis B an inference C an
observation D a prediction
B
52Solving a Problem
- 1)Identify a Problem
- 2) State Observations about the problem
- 3) Form a Hypothesis about the problem (ifthen)
- 4) Design an Experiment to test the hypothesis
- 5) Collect Data
- 6) Form a Conclusion
- 7) Retest
53Caution!
- Be careful how you use effect and affect.
- Effect is usually a noun and affect, a verb.
- The effect of sugar amounts on the rising of
bread. - How does sugar affect the rising of bread?
54Identify variables and Controls
55Progression of Ideas in Science
- Hypothesis- a possible explanation to a question
based on information the scientist has already
gathered
- If experiments show a hypothesis to be correct,
other scientists may accept it as support for a
scientific theory.
EX Plants obtain their energy from the sun.
56Progression of Ideas in Science
- Scientific Theory- is a broad and comprehensive
statement of what is thought to be true. It is
supported by a considerable amount of evidence. - Cell Theory
- Theory of Evolution
In science a theory is not a wild guess.
57Progression of Ideas in Science
- Theories are used to explain predict the
outcome of other experiments
- Theories must be tested
- Sometimes they are wrong must be modified or
discarded
EX The Earth is flat.
58Progression of Ideas in Science
- Scientific Law- a statement of what happens in a
certain event based on verified observations
experiments
59Progression of Ideas in Science
- Explains what happens not why
- Summaries of the results of many, many
experiments observations
- When results of a series of experiments are the
same each time they no longer need to be tested
EX Newtons Law of Gravity
60Progression of Ideas in Science
- Which one is most likely to be wrong- hypothesis,
theory, or law?
1.
2.
3.
Hypothesis
Theory
Law
61Scientific Method Vocabulary
- Inference- a quick conclusion made on the basis
of facts rather than direct observation, attempts
to explain an observation - Example If you see smoke, you will probably
infer that its source is fire, even if you cant
see the fire.
62Scientific Method Vocabulary
- Prediction- to forecast to guess the outcome of
a situation beforehand. Follows the hypothesis.
- Analysis- to separate or break apart into smaller
sections for study
63Alexander Fleming
- Scientific Method
- Discovery of Penicillin
Video Scientific Method - youtube
64Gummi Worm - Observation
- Using quantitative and qualitative data
- Graphing
- Analyzing data
Gummi Worm lab
Earthworm Coloring - Smart board
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66Refer p655 of text