Introduction to New Media Interaction

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Introduction to New Media Interaction
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Spaces of Interaction
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Minority Report
Intelligent billboards
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Aims of this lecture

• Consider the implications of a paradigm shift in
  media communications

• Considers five key elements of this paradigm
• Historical view of interactivity
• Modelling interactivity
• Interactivity from a design perspective
• User interaction (UCD UXD)
• Ubiquitous interaction

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Historical view of interactivity
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from the old to the new
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A paradigm shift Thomas Kuhns (1970) Structure
of Science
normal science
crisis
new science
revolution
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A paradigm shift Structure of Media?
Analogue media
Digital media

• Crisis
• Information revolution
• Digitization of print in 1980s
• Impact of Internet on ad revenue for newspapers
  and TV in 2008

New media
Digitalization and convergence of media
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Early computation had little to do with
interaction
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Paradigm Shift

• Douglas Engelbarts 1968 demonstration at
  Augmentation Research Centre in San Francisco
• Before Engelbart, human interaction with a
  computer was laughable

Link to videos of 1968 demonstration and
interview with Engelbart
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User tools and collective intelligence

• Douglas Engelbart 1968 Augmentation Research
• Computers used to augment collective IQ
• Demonstrates user tools
• the mouse
• keyboard
• hypertext
• dynamic file linking
• hierarchical structuring of text
• videoconferencing

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bootstrapping

• The augmentation of the human intellect via
  interaction understood as a collective
  bootstrapping process

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1969

• Engelbart would go on to hook up the second node
  of ARPANet in the following year and, during the
  next decade, would help to build an online
  community on that network, which has now become
  the Internet
• (See the MIT New Media Reader, 2003).

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What makes the Global Village is not the content
or the message of the medium, but the medium
itself

• The medium shapes and controls the scale and
  form of human association and actions
• (McLuhan 1964 p. 9)

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Not necessarily about Harmony. Not just about
glorious technological change. Big social and
political changes to the way we live, work and
play
Wapping video
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Changing Our Relations to the Media and the
Economy
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Modelling Interactivity
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What is new about new media?

• Differences between old media and new are greater
  user choice and control
• Pavlik, 1998 New Media Technology Cultural and
  Commercial Perspectives

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Interactivitydefined
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Interactivity

• 1 mutually or reciprocally active
• 2 of, relating to, or being a two-way
  electronic communication system (as a telephone,
  cable television, or a computer) that involves a
  user's orders (as for information or merchandise)
  or responses (as to a poll)
• Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary

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interactivity
Interactivity is based on changing roles of
sender/receiver
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simple model of linear communication
message
transmitter
Receiver(s)
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interactive communication
message
Transmitter Receiver
Receiver(s) Transmitter(s)
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Interaction defined
message
Communicator A
Communicator B
Response/reaction
response
Communicator A
Bretz (1983) cited in Hanssen, Jankowski and
Etienne 1996 Contours of Multimedia
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Three levels of interactionRafaeli (1988)

• Bidirectionality
• (navigational, click-thru)
• Reactiveness
• (dynamic database)
• Responsiveness
• (face-to-face, email, artificial intelligence)

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Responsiveness

• ELIZA was written at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum
  between 1964 to 1966.
• http//www-ai.ijs.si/eliza-cgi-bin/eliza_script

• Richard Wallace began development of Alice in
  1995, while at Lehigh University
• http//www.pandorabots.com/pandora/talk?botidf5d9
  22d97e345aa1

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Meet Jen
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Clever(er) Bots

• See http//www.cleverbot.com/

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Interactivity from a design perspective
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What should interaction designers strive for?

• Tannenbaum argues that a good mix of
• interactivity
• social presence
• Like face-to-face, interpersonal communication

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Should interaction design strive to be
interpersonal?

• How can designers make new media interpersonal?
• Immediacy of response
• Non-sequential access to information
• Adaptability
• High levels of feedback

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Assumptions about face-to-face communication
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Assumptions about face-to-face communication

• Steve Jones (1999)
• CMC has become a race to provide the most
  lifelike interaction possible
• problems with face-to-face interaction
• It does not necessarily break down barriers of
  communication.

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Should all new media be interactive?

• from the perspective of functionality, it is
  not necessary to always strive for a high degree
  of interactivity
• Hanssen, Jankowski and Etienne, Contours of
  Multimedia 1996

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User Research

• What do users consider interactivity to be?
• Control over sequence
• Greater number of choices
• However,
• Too much control experienced negatively
• Decision-making obstacle to use
• A degree of linearity aided user orientation

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User Interaction
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Human Computer Interaction (HCI)

• HCI uses cognitive psychology frameworks

• HCI is about the design of computers, but from
  the user's point of view
• In Draper and Norman (eds) "User-Centered System
  Design" 1986 p. 2

Donald Norman
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Three Paradigms Within HCI

• 1. Ergonomic

• 2. Cognitive

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2nd paradigm HCI
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2nd paradigm HCI and Mental Models
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Cognitive Walkthrough

• Making a Fried Breakfast
• Write down a step-by-step (walk-through) of what
  you do to make breakfast

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Making Breakfast
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Get frying pan ready
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Heat fat in pan
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Break egg(s)
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Fry eggs in pan
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Make toast and butter
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Put on a plate and eat
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BreakfastMaker. version 3.5
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User Centred Design
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User Testing
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User Centred Design
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Paper Prototypes
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vykJ60H4Qkvgfeature
related http//www.youtube.com/watch?v4WbxisFDYk
4featurerelated
Videos on paper prototypes Paper Prototype
Paper Prototype IMP06 HR
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See Bill Verplank on YouTube http//www.youtube.co
m/watch?vC3rxCLhzmXY
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3rd Paradigm HCI

• From Usability to User Experience (UXD)
• Use and Social Context
• Ethnography as design method
• Emotions, Feelings and Affect
• Task versus Non-Task
• Ubicomp/Pervasive Computing

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Ubiquitous Interaction
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• See Greenfield
• Lectures
• On Everyware

See Adam Greenfield on Youtube http//www.youtube.
com/watch?vGrbGBhzZPic
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Challenges for Interaction DesignSee Dan Saffer,
Designing for Interaction (2010) Berkeley New
Riders (Greenfield interviewed in chapter nine)

• When a room, or a lamppost, or a running shoe
  is, in and of itself, an information gathering,
  processing, storage, and transmission device,
  it's crazy to assume that the keyboard or the
  traditional GUI makes sense as a channel for
  interaction

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A Multiplicity of Interactions

• The Space of Interaction

• Interaction design will need to consider
  multiplicity.
• Instead of the neatly circumscribed space of
  interaction between a single user and his or her
  PC, his or her mobile, we're going to have to
  contend with a situation in which multiple users
  are potentially interacting with multiple
  technical systems in a given space at a given
  moment.

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Quality of User Experience

• Networked information-processing devices are
  going to be deployed everywhere in the built
  environment rather strongly implies the
  inadequacy of the traditional user interface
  modalities most particularly keyboards and
  keypads.

• The future is interaction based on voice,
  gestural and pervasive interfaces