Chemicals of Life

1
Chemicals of Life
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
2
Molecular Organization
3
6 Essential Elements
C
H
N
O
P
S
These six elements makeup all living organisms.
4
Carbon is an element.

• Lets talk about carbon.

5
Carbon is an element.
6
atomic number
How many protons?
6
atomic mass
How many neutrons?
How many energy levels?
2
How many electrons?
6
6
Chemical Bonding

• What is a bond?
• Attraction that holds atoms together, resulting
  in different forms of matter.

• Ex NaCl-a.k.a Table Salt
• Sodium (Na) is a metal that explodes in water.
• Chlorine (Cl) is a poisonous gas.
• When bonded together, they become the compound
  salt.

7
Types of Bonds

• Covalent Bonds sharing of electrons
• Ionic Bonds gaining or losing electrons
• Hydrogen Bonds how polar molecules stick
  together. (not a chemical bond)

8
Covalent Bonding
BEFORE
H
H
C
H
H
4H C
9
Covalent Bonding
AFTER
Covalent Bonding is the sharing of electrons
between atoms
CH4 (Methane)
10
Covalent BondingCharacteristics

• Carbon likes to form covalent bonds
• Covalent bonding is found in organic compounds
• Covalent bonds are very strong

11
Ionic Bonding
BEFORE
Cl
Na
12
Ionic Bonding
BEFORE
Na
Cl
13
Ionic Bonding
Cl
Na
BEFORE
AFTER
Ionic bonding is when an atom gains or loses
electrons
Na
Cl-
14
Ionic Bonding

• Ionic bonds are not typically found in organic
  compounds
• Ionic compounds are soluble in water (they
  disassociate in water/dissolve)
• Ionic compounds conduct electricity when they
  disassociate
• Ionic bonds are not as strong as covalent

15
Hydrogen Bonds
Negative
O
Positive
H
H2O
H

• Oxygen has 8 protons in its nucleus, where
  hydrogen has only 1.
• Because of the uneven distribution of charges,
  water is called a polar molecule.

16
Hydrogen Bonding Characteristics
Hydrogen Bond
(-)

• The water molecules are covalently bonded.
• They stick together because they are polar.
• The polar-covalent molecules sticking together
  is called the hydrogen bond.

()
17
Organic vs. Inorganic

• Organic Compounds contain a carbon-hydrogen bond
  (C6H12O6, CH4)

• Inorganic Compounds do not contain a
  carbon-hydrogen bond (CO2, H2O)

18
Water-Organic or Inorganic?

• Polarity
• Cohesive
• Adhesion

• High Heat Capacity
• Universal Solvent
• Surface Tension
• Forms Hydrogen Bonds

19
Carbon

• Remember the element carbon?

• Carbon is the basis of all organic compounds

Carbon can make 4 bonds
20
Hydrocarbon

• Backbone of all organic compounds
• Composed of carbon chains surrounded by hydrogens

Remember that carbon can make 4 bonds
21
Functional Groups

• Functional groups bond to the carbon in place of
  an H to give the compound unique chemical and
  physical properties.

1.
Found in Proteins and Lipids (fatty acids)
22
Functional Groups
2.
Found in Carbohydrates and Lipids (glycerol)
3.
Found in Nucleic Acids
23
Functional Groups
4.
Found in Proteins
5.
Found in Carbohydrates
24
Building Organic Compounds

• Monomers

• Polymer

How are monomers similar to links in a chain?
25
Carbohydrates
1. Elements C, H, O
2. Monomers Monosaccharide
3. Structure
Glucose (C6H12O6)
26
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates have 3 monomers -Glucose-Fructose
-Galactose
ose indicates sugar
27
Building Carbohydrates

• 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is
  called a disaccharide.

28
Building Carbohydrates

• 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is
  called a disaccharide.

29
Building Carbohydrates

• The process of bonding 2 monosaccharides together
  is called dehydration synthesis.

• 2 or more monosaccharides bonded together is
  called a disaccharide.

Would this compound taste sweet as well?
30
Building Carbohydrates (cont.)

• What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it?

31
Building Carbohydrates

• The process of breaking compounds into smaller
  molecules by adding a water back to the monomer
  is called hydrolysis.

• What happens to a piece of bread once you eat it?

32
Building Carbohydrates

• Many monosaccharides bonded together form
  polysaccharides.

• How many water molecules would be removed by
  making the polysaccharide?

• Polysaccharides are known as starches.
• Will the taste of starches be the same as sugars?

33
Functions of Carbohydrates

• To provide a quick source of energy (by breaking
  the C-H bonds)

C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
34
Functions of Carbohydrates

• To provide a quick source of energy (by breaking
  the C-H bonds)

C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6

• Animals store excess sugars as a starch known as
  glycogen.

• Plants store excess sugars as a starch known as
  cellulose.

35
Lipids

1. Elements C, H, O
2. Monomer Technically, none
3. Structure

36
Making a Lipid

• The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined
  through dehydration synthesis.

37
Making a Lipid

• The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined
  through dehydration synthesis.

38
Making a Lipid

• The glycerol and fatty acids must be joined
  through dehydration synthesis.

39
Lipids

• The different types of lipids are determined by
  the number of C-H bonds in the fatty acid chain.

40
Functions of Lipids

• Lipids store energy, due to their numerous C-H
  bonds.

• Because they are insoluble in water (polar),
  lipids are found in animal cell membranes.

• Fats, oils, waxes and many hormones (steroids)
  are lipids

41
Proteins

1. Elements C, H, O, N, S
2. Monomer Amino Acids (20)
3. Structure

R is the functional group that varies
42
Building Proteins

• Amino acids are joined together through
  dehydration synthesis to make a protein.

43
Building Proteins

• Amino acids are joined together through
  dehydration synthesis to make a protein.

44
Building Proteins

• Amino acids are joined together through
  dehydration synthesis to make a protein.

45
Building Proteins

• Amino acids are joined together through
  dehydration synthesis to make a protein.

46
Building Proteins

• Amino acids are joined together through
  dehydration synthesis to make a protein.

47
Building Proteins

• Amino acids will continue to be added until the
  protein is complete.

• The newly formed protein is called a polypeptide.

• Proteins are different combinations of the 20
  amino acids.

48
Functions of Proteins

• Proteins are a major structural component for
  living organisms (ex. muscle)

• Proteins function as enzymes to carry out
  chemical reactions in the body.

49
Functions of Proteins

• Some hormones are protein (peptide hormones).

• Proteins also function to transport or carry
  substances in and out of cells.

50
Nucleic Acids

1. Elements C, H, O, N, P
2. Monomer nucleotide
3. Structure

3.
1.
O
2.
H3
C
O
O
O
P
C
C
H2
C
O
O
H
C
N
H
C
H
H
C
N
C
H
C
C
H
O
H
O
H
O
Adenine
51
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide

1. Phosphate Group
2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose)
3. Nitrogen Base

52
Nucleic Acids

• There are 4 different nitrogen bases Adenine,
  Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine

• Nucleotides, when joined together by dehydration
  synthesis, make either DNA or RNA

53
Nucleic Acids - DNA
54
Nucleic Acids - RNA
55
Function of Nucleic Acids

• Store genetic code (ATCG) - DNA

Remember, all living organisms share a universal
genetic code!

• Help make proteins (RNA)