Causes, Course, and Consequences

1
World War I

• Causes, Course, and Consequences

2
The Wars Catalyst

• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in
  Sarajevo 6/28/1914.

3
The Wars Causes Nationalism

• Serbian Nationalism
• Gvrillo Princip and the Black Hand

4
Nationalism

• Self Determination France set off a century of
  revolution and reform that saw the ideas of the
  enlightenment impact Europe.
• Revolutions occurred in the Netherlands, Prussia,
  Austria.
• Unification of nationalist countries in Germany
  and Italy.
• Franco-Prussian War

5
The Ottoman Empire

• Sick man of Europe
• Ottoman had seen an erosion of their state
• Eastern Question
• Multi-national empire like that of the
  Austro-Hungarians.
• Loss of Balkans and Greeks.

6
Greece as a model

• Ottoman lands begin to fall as the Greek state
  had.
• Slavic nationalism on the rise Pan-Slavism.
• Austria-Hungary

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Cause III Colonial Disputes

• As chp. 34 illustrated the late 19th early 20th
  century saw countries tripping over themselves to
  gain land.
• Conflicts were bound to emerge.
• Germany and Britain, Germany and France the most
  heated

8
Algericas Conference

• Temporarily solved tensions between Germany and
  France.
• The unsolved tension would be a key cause of WWI.

9
Balkan Wars

• Balkan countries sought to pick apart Ottoman
  Empire.
• Setting Euoprean countries against each other.
• Building up the agitation leading to WWI.

10
Alliances

• The system of interlocking relationships under
  which one country would go to war in defense of
  another.

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Causes IV Alliance System (from McKay text)
Triple Alliance (1882) Alliance of Three Emperors (1881)
Germany Austria-Hungary Italy Germany Austria-Hungary Russia
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Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

• Central Powers (TA)
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Italy
• Motivations of each?

• Triple Entente
• Great Britain
• Russia
• France

14
Global War

• 
  Schlieffen Plan

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This war is just fine and great

• Howard Zinn on enlistments

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Mutual Butchery

• The War will be over by Christmas
• Slogans and optimism abound.
• Battle on the Western Front

18
Total War The Homefront

• War of attrition
• Planned economies required
• Mobilization of resources and psyche
• Propaganda a common tool

19
Conflict Abroad Japan and the 21 Demands

• Japan demanded from Germany territory in China to
  preserve East Asian Peace.
• Japan enters on the side of the Allies and eroded
  German defenses in the area.
• Japan sent China 21 demands which reduced them to
  a protectorate of Japan
• Harbinger for Japan
• Caused trouble amongst Allies.

20
Battle of Gallipoli

• British assault on Ottomans to weaken the Central
  Powers.
• Winston Churchill
• Stunning defeat for the British
• Staggering death tolls
• Weakening of imperialism
• Rise of nationalist Turkey-Mustapha Kemal

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End of the Ottomans

• Treaty of Sevres
• Treaty unacceptable to Turkish nationalists
  (Kemal) and they launched the Turkish war of
  Independence.

22
Modern Turkey

• Ataturk and modernization
• Secular government
• Expanded rights for women
• European legal system
• Long term progress
• Dictator until 1938

23
Lawrence of Arabia

• British scholar and archaeologist who led arab
  troops in revolt against the Turkishgoal to
  weaken Central Powers.

24
Revolution in Russia

• Great War had humiliated Russia.
• Left it backward, starving, and in chaos.
• Series of Revolutions break out.
• February Revolution
• October Revolution

25
February Revolution

• Fueled by Angry Workers
• Soviets
• Incomplete and poorly planned.
• Petrograd Soviet and provisional government at
  odds.
• Didnt meet the needs of communist ideology.
• George Lvov and A. Kerensky

26
October Revolution

• Lenins return
• Devotion to Marxism
• organized Marxism-role of the Soviet
• Uncompromisingly opposed to War
• Peace, Land, and Bread

27
24 October

• October 24, Soviets storm Winter Palace.
• Provisional Government ends in chaos.
• Goal to change Russian institutions along Marxist
  lines.

28
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• Ends war for Russians
• Creates turmoil for Allies
• Lost massive land and population
• Humiliating, yet relievinginternal problems.

29
The Peace Conference
30
Key Points

• Wilsons 14 Points
• Russian exclusion
• Japanese exclusion
• Terms
• War Guilt Clause
• War reparations
• No German military
• Loss of land and colonies

31
Wilsons 14 points

• 1/8/18
• Specific aims?
• First five
• 2nd Eight
• Last one
• Public opinion?

32
Versailles 1919

• Wilson goes in person?
• Public perception of Wilson
• European perception of Wilson
• Article 231

33
Self Determination

• Self Determination will raise hopes which can
  never be realized. It will, I fear, cost
  thousands of lives. In the end it is bound to be
  discredited to be called the dram of an idealist
  who failed to realize the danger of it until it
  was too late. H. C. Lodge

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Map after Versailles
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Problems caused by WWI

• German crisis of the 20s
• Mid east tensions
• WWII
• Crisis in the Balkans
• Japanese Empire of the 30s.

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Mandate system

• Neo Imperialism
• Problems profound
• Ottoman state dismembered

39
Racial Equality

• Japanese amendment calls for equality, the
  contingent of Versailles rejects it and gives
  thema piece of China.
• Also given is ammunition for the development of
  anti-Americanism in the Pacific rim and the
  creation of a Japanese Empire.

40
A League of Nations

• International peacekeeping body designed to bring
  about peace through collectivism.