Floor and wall openings and holes

1
Floor and wall openings and holes
2
Unprotected openings and holes can cause

• Employees to fall
• Falling objects to strike workers below

1a
3
OSHA's terms

• Floor hole
• Floor opening
• Handrail
• Platform
• Runway

2a
4
OSHA's terms

• Standard railing
• Stair railing
• Toeboard
• Wall hole
• Wall opening

2b
5
Protecting floor openings

• Stairway - Railings
• Ladderway - Railings, toeboards
• Hatchway/Chute - Cover, railings
• Skylight - Screen or railings
• Pit/Manhole - Cover

3a
6
Protecting floor holes

• Railings, toeboards
• Covers

3b
7
Protecting wall openings

• Barrier, removable toeboard
• Platform with side rails

4a
8
Protecting low window openings

• Slats
• Grills
• Railing
• Toeboard

4b
9
Protecting wall holes

• Toeboards
• Screens

4c
10
Protecting platforms, runways

• Railings
• Toeboards

5a
11
Interpretations on platforms, runways

• Tank car loading
• Alternate fall protection
• Hot metal operations
• Other "elevated surfaces"

6a
12
Stairway railings - protection depends on

• Number of risers
• Number of enclosed sides
• Width of stairway

7a
13
Standard stairway railings

• Similar to standard railing
• Height between 30 to 34 inches

7b
14
Standard handrail

• Smooth surface
• Three inches from the wall
• Height between 30 to 34 inches

7c
15
Design and construction - standard railings

• Toprail height - 42 inches
• Midrail
• Posts
• Withstand 200 pounds

8a
16
Design and construction - standard toeboards

• 4 inches in height
• Within 1/4 inch of floor

8b
17
Design and construction - floor opening covers

• Tapered edges
• Parts flush with surface
• In roadways support 20,000 pounds

8c
18
Design and construction - skylights

• Withstand 200 pounds
• Deflected must not break glass
• Screen size specifications

8d
19
Design and construction - wall openings

• Barriers to withstand 200 pounds
• Grab handles - 12 inches in length
• Grab handles - withstand 200 pounds

8e
20
Design and construction - wall openings

• Grab handles - withstand 200 pounds
• Screens - withstand 200 pounds
• Screen size specifications

8f