Ecosystems

1
Ecosystems

• Read pgs. 365-369
• Vocab
• 22 Primary productivity
• 23 Producer
• 24 Consumer
• 25 Trophic level
• 26 Food chain
• 27 Food web
• 28 Herbivore
• 29 Carnivore

• Pred/Prey Lab
• Killer Bee Video
• Aliens of the Deep Video
• 30 Omnivore
• 31Detritivore
• 32 Decomposer
• 33 Energy pyramid
• 34 Biomass pyramid

2
Why do organisms live where they do?
(a.k.a.habitat/physical area)

• 2 Questions to ask
• How did they get there?
• Why do they stay?

3
A. How did they get there?

• Evolved in that location
• Migrated as conditions changed
• Just passing through
• Accidental introduction

4
B. Why do they stay?

• Available food or energy (probably most
  important)
• Competition for resources is low (there is always
  a limited supply)

5

• Mates and nesting sites are available, along with
  suitable environment (important to survival of
  that species)
• Resources available to support offspring (water,
  building materials, oxygen, soil, prey, sunlight,
  etc.)

6
Classification by Niche (role)

• A. Trophic Level (feeding level)
• The relationship between what an organism eats
  and what eats it.
• Where it fits into the food chain/web

7

• Producer
• Organisms that can manufacture (make) their own
  food (energy rich organic materials)
• Examples green plants and bacteria
• Autotrophs photosynthetic, chemosynthetic
• Aliens of the Deep Video

8
Alvin approaches a hydrothermal vent biocommunity
Figure 15-23
9
Locations of deep-sea biocommunities
Figure 15-24
10

• Consumer
• Organisms that cannot manufacture their own food
  and must get it from an external source.
• Primary consumer-
• Secondary consumer-
• Tertiary, quaternary, etc.
• Omnivore
• Detritivore-
• Parasite/host-
• Decomposer-

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• Consumer
• Organisms that cannot manufacture their own food
  and must get it from an external source.
• Primary consumer- herbivore
• Secondary consumer- carnivore
• Tertiary, quaternary, etc.
• Omnivore
• Detritivore, scavenger- break down wastes and
  dead bodies earth worm, dermestid beetle
• Parasite/host tapeworm, mosquito
• Decomposer- fungi, bacteria return nutrients to
  the soil for absorption

12
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13
Food Chain

• Food Chain Specific feeding sequence in which
  organisms obtain food (energy/materials) in an
  ecosystem
• Grass ? Caterpillar ? Sparrow ? Snake ?
  Coyote
• Diagram in notes

14
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15
Food Web

• Food Web Interrelated food chains in an
  ecosystem
• Diagram in notes but leave 3 lines above the
  food chain

16
FOOD WEB
17
Antarctic Food Web
18
DIATOMS
19
KRILL
20
SKUA
21
LEOPARD SEAL
22
ORCA
23
EMPEROR PENGUIN
24
SQUID
25
BLUE WHALE
26
Important Quarter 2 Dates

• CP 1 12/7
• CP 2 1/7
• Bonus 1 12/14
• Bonus 2 1/9
• CP Article Presentation 1/22-1/25
• CP People Dont forgetyour article summaries
  are due Nov 7 make sure that you follow the
  directions that I gave you or you will have to
  redo it!!!

27
How do we keep track of energy in ecosystems?

• Ecological Pyramids (3 types)
• Numbers counts individuals (does not
  discriminate by size) can be an inaccurate
  indicator of energy at that level
• Ex. Caterpillars outnumber the trees that they
  feed on
• Biomass measures amount of living tissue (dry
  weight) grams
• Energy measures amount of energy stored in
  tissues (ex. fats 9 Cal/gram
  carbohydrates/proteins 4 Cal/gram)

28
Top carnivores
Carnivores
Herbivores
Producers
29
Numbers Pyramid
30
Energy Transfer most lost as heat

• Amount of energy available to do work decreases
  as energy passes through a system
• 10 transfer of energy (90 energy lost) after
  each trophic level

31
Label the producers And consumers
10,000 kg
32
Biomass Pyramid
33
The of trophic levels that can be maintained
in an ecosystem is limited by a loss of potential
energy

• 1000 kg grain
• 1 cow
• Beef
• 1 person

• 10kg grain
• 1 loaf of bread
• 1 person

OR
10 transfer of energy
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35
Energy Pyramid
36
A practice food web
Cat
Berries
Grass ? Caterpillar ? Sparrow ? Snake ?
Hawk
Rabbit
37
Accidental Introductions

• Zebra Mussel from Caspian Sea to Great Lakes
  (1986) from a ship
• Now they are everywhere!!!
• Problem clogs water pipes, smoothers native
  clams, consumes plankton, no natural predators
• Killer Bees genetically altered to make more
  honey
• Africanized bees escaped and took over Brazilian
  honeybees
• Problems arose they are more aggressive, can
  travel longer distances, swarm, attack people
• The real threat? Agriculture

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Ecosystems Test TopicsTest on Monday 10/29

• Food Web, Food Chain, Eco Pyramids
• Evaluation of Food Webs (identification of
  members, predict consequences of additions or
  deletions of members)
• Vocab 22-34
• Text 365-369
• Videos Aliens and Killer Bees
• Ecosystems Review WS from binder

40
Jeopardy easy

• 1. Killer bees are native to
• 2. Food chains always begin with a
• 3. What is the secondary consumer in the food
  chain
• 4. Synonym for trophic level
• 5. What is the producer at a thermal vent
  community?
• 6. Which organism is probably least abundant?
• Grass caterpillar sparrow snake
  coyote
• 7. Energy pyramids are measured in what unit

41
Easy answers

• 1. Killer bees are native to Africa
• 2. Food chains always begin with a producer
• 3. What is the secondary consumer in the food
  chain? SPARROW
• 4. Synonym for trophic level FEEDING LEVEL
• 5. What is the producer at a thermal vent
  community? BACTERIA
• 6. Which organism is probably least
  abundant? COYOTE
• 7. Energy pyramids are measured in what
  units? Calories

• Grass caterpillar sparrow
  snake coyote

42
medium

• 1. List 3 requirements of seeds to germinate
• 2. Compare fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in
  calories
• 3. Difference between a food web and a food chain
• 4. Difference between a heterotroph and autotroph
• 5. A consequence to humans from the introduction
  of killer bees (not death)
• 6. What is the consequence of doubling the
  caterpillars on the snake.
• Grass caterpillar sparrow snake
  coyote
• 7. Two important uses for the energy that comes
  from food digestion
• 8. How do decomposers benefit the ecosystem?

43
Medium answers

• 1. List 3 requirements for seeds to germinate
  WATER, HEAT, OXYGEN
• 2. Compare fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in
  calories 9 PER GRAM 4
• 3. Difference between a food web and a food chain
• 4. Difference between a heterotroph and autotroph
• 5. A consequence to humans from the introduction
  of killer bees (not death)
• AGRICULTURAL HARM
• 6. What is the consequence of doubling the
  caterpillars on the snake SNAKE UP b/c more
  sparrows to eat
• 7. Two important uses for the energy that comes
  from food digestion HEAT MOTION
• 8. How do decomposers benefit the ecosystem?
  RETURN NUTRIENTS TO SOIL FOR PLANTS

44
difficult

• 1. Name 3 differences between European and
  African Bees.
• 2. Draw and label the parts of a flower
• 3. Explain why there are few top carnivores IN
  ANY ECOSYSTEM
• 4. How many producers? How many carnivores?
  Which level has the most energy?
• 5. Why do organism stay where they are? What are
  their needs? (3)
• 6. How did they get where they are? (3)

45

• 1. Name 3 differences between European and
  African Bees.
• Aggression, pollination, honey production
• 2. Draw and label the parts of a flower
• 3. Explain why there are few top carnivores IN
  ANY ECOSYSTEM
• 4. How many producers? 1,500,000 How many
  carnivores? 90,001 Which level has the most
  energy? producer
• 5. Why do organism stay where they are? What
  are their needs? (3)
• FOOD, SHELTER, MATES (LOW COMPETITION)
• 6. How did they get where they are? (3) EVOLVED
  THERE, MIGRATION, PASSING THROUGH, ACCIDENTAL OR
  DELIBERATE INTRODUCTIONS

Difficult answers