Title: Constructive and Destructive Forces
1Constructive and Destructive Forces
- Processes That Act Upon Earths Surface Features
2What are Constructive and Destructive Forces?
- Constructive Force
- A constructive force is a process that raises or
builds up the surface features of the Earth.
- Destructive Force
- A destructive force is a process that lowers or
tears down the surface features of the Earth.
3What Are Surface Features?
- Surface features are landforms and bodies of
water that cover the Earths surface such as - mountains
- valleys
- canyons
- gorges
- beaches
- sand dunes
- barrier Islands
- flood-plains
- moraines and drumlins
- volcanoes
- oceans
- lakes
- rivers
4How Can a Surface Feature be Changed by a
Constructive Force?
- Natural forces such as wind, water, ice, through
the process of deposition. - Deposition is the process of dumping sediment,
dirt, rocks, or particles in one place. - The movement of the Earths crust through Plate
Tectonics
5Constructive ForceExamples of Deposition
Constructive Process Surface Feature Force/Agent
Deposition Deltas water / river
Deposition Floodplains water / river
Deposition Beaches and Barrier Islands water / ocean long-shore current
Deposition Sand dunes wind
Deposition Moraines and drumlins Ice / glacier
6Other Constructive Forces
Constructive Process Surface Feature Force
Folding Mountains Plate tectonics
Faulting Mountains Plate tectonics
Earthquake Trench Fault Plate tectonics
Volcanic Activity Mountains Islands Plate tectonics
7How Can a Surface Feature be Changed by a
Destructive Force?
- Physical or Chemical Weathering
- Weathering is the breaking down of rock into
sediment. - Natural forces such as wind, water, ice, through
the process of erosion. - Erosion is the movement of sediment from one
place to another.
8Changing the Earths Surface by a Destructive
ForceExamples of Weathering
- Mechanical / Physical Weathering
- Temperature Change-Freezing and thawing of Rock
- Ice Wedging-Water freezing and expanding in
cracks of rock - Impact of organisms
- Root Pry
- Animals burrowing
- Chemical Weathering
- Oxidation / rusting
- Carbonic Acid / acid rain
- Caverns
- Impact of organisms
- Secretion of acid from Lichen
9Destructive ForceExamples of Erosion
Destructive Process Surface Feature Force/Agent
Erosion Canyons, Gorges, V-Shaped Valleys Water
Erosion Sea Arches, Sea Stacks Water
Erosion Buttes, Desert Wind
Erosion U-Shaped Valleys Ice
Erosion Mudslide, Sinkholes Gravity
10Other Destructive Forces
- Volcanic Activity
- Movement of Earths Crust (Plate tectonics)
- Reshaping of Mountains
- Earthquakes
- Movement of Earths Crust (Plate tectonics)
- Trenches
- cracks in the Earth Curst
11Visit these sites
12Controlling Constructive and Destructive Forces
- How can constructive and destructive forces be
controlled through the use of technology? - How does technology affect constructive and
destructive forces? - What are examples of technology used to control
constructive and destructive forces?
13Effects on the Control of Constructive Forces
- Dam a structure built across a river to control
its flow - Positive Effect
- Flood Control
- Hydroelectric Power
- Negative Effect
- Holds back sediment
- Prevents deposition of flood plains, deltas, and
beaches
14Effects on the Control of Destructive Forces
- Prevention of beach erosion
- Groin a structure built perpendicular to the
beach. - Positive Effect
- Traps sand that moves along the shore and causing
the beach to build up. - Negative Effect
- Beach Erosion down stream is worse.
- Seawall a structure built parallel to the shore
- Positive Effect
- Protects land behind if from ocean the ocean
waves - Negative Effect
- Ocean side beach will erode
- Beach Nourishment sand from ocean or nearby
rivers are pumped onto the beach
15Effects on the Control of Destructive Forces
- Prevention of soil erosion
- Contour Plowing method in which farmers plow
across the sided of hill instead of down - Terracing the planting of corps on terraces
(steps) built into steep hillsides. - Windbreaks rows of plants or fences.
- Slow down wind and limit the distance it can
carry soil. - Vegetation used to hold soil in place
- Storm drain management a system of drains
- Prevents flooding and soil erosion
-
16Can Volcanoes and Earthquakes be Controlled?
- Volcanoes and Earthquakes can not be controlled
- However scientist have ways to determine when and
where these they might occur. - Volcanoes
- instruments are used to detect changes in
volcanoes - Earthquakes
- Detailed maps show major faults
- Safety Education
- No new buildings on or near faults
- Building codes to resists earthquakes
- Seismographs measures earthquakes on a rector
scale
17What Do You Think?
18Deposition is a process that
- Dissolves sediment
- Breaks down rock to form sediment
- Removes sediment from landforms
- Drops sediment to form landforms
19Where do deltas form?
- In desert areas
- At river mouths
- On the banks of rivers
- In valleys formed by glaciers
20Long shore currents help create
- Beaches
- Dunes
- Rivers
- Drumlins
21Volcanoes can create new land when they release
22What forms moraines and drumlins?
- Wind
- Rivers
- Glaciers
- Volcanoes
23What landform forms from deposition at the mouths
of rivers?
- a delta
- a floodplain
- a sand dune
- a moraine
24What is weathering?
-
- A type of climate
- The transport of sediment
- The breakdown of rock
- The aging of rock
25Which of these is caused by chemical weathering?
- desert pavement
- formation of U-shaped valleys
- formation of rust
- ice expanding in cracks in rock at is weathering?
26How do earthquakes change the land?
- They transport sediment.
- They form cracks in the surface.
- They release ash and lava.
- They cause chemical weathering.
27A river can form
- Sea arches.
- U-shaped valleys.
- V-shaped valleys.
- Desert pavement.
28Deposition forms these features on coasts.
- drumlins
- floodplains
- barrier islands
- U-shaped valleys
29What causes V-shaped valleys to form?
- deposition at river mouths
- erosion by rivers
- weathering by wind
- erosion by glaciers
30A dam across a river can cause
- the formation of a delta.
- the carving of a valley.
- the erosion of a beach.
- the formation of a sea stack.
31Which of these helps prevent the harmful effects
of erosion?
- dams
- volcanoes
- Long-shore currents
- contour plowing
32In which type of climate are you most likely to
find a sand dune that is not on the coast?
33What does erosion do?
- breaks down rock physically
- moves broken pieces of rock
- changes rock chemically
- change sediment into rock
34Beaches that have eroded are reclaimed through
- weathering.
- building of seawalls.
- beach nourishment.
- building of terraces.
35Which of these is not a way to prevent soil
erosion?
- planting vegetation
- contour plowing
- building windbreaks
- building dams
36Scientists know where earthquakes will occur
because they know the locations of
- faults
- volcanoes
- mountains
- long-shore currents.
37Which of these do scientists use to predict when
a volcano is likely to erupt?
- the age of the volcano
- earthquakes beneath the volcano
- temperature of nearby rivers
- the hardness of rock near the volcano