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Constructive and Destructive Forces

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Constructive and Destructive Forces Processes That Act Upon Earth s Surface Features Beaches that have eroded are reclaimed through weathering. building of ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Constructive and Destructive Forces


1
Constructive and Destructive Forces
  • Processes That Act Upon Earths Surface Features

2
What are Constructive and Destructive Forces?
  • Constructive Force
  • A constructive force is a process that raises or
    builds up the surface features of the Earth.
  • Destructive Force
  • A destructive force is a process that lowers or
    tears down the surface features of the Earth.

3
What Are Surface Features?
  • Surface features are landforms and bodies of
    water that cover the Earths surface such as
  • mountains
  • valleys
  • canyons
  • gorges
  • beaches
  • sand dunes
  • barrier Islands
  • flood-plains
  • moraines and drumlins
  • volcanoes
  • oceans
  • lakes
  • rivers

4
How Can a Surface Feature be Changed by a
Constructive Force?
  • Natural forces such as wind, water, ice, through
    the process of deposition.
  • Deposition is the process of dumping sediment,
    dirt, rocks, or particles in one place.
  • The movement of the Earths crust through Plate
    Tectonics

5
Constructive ForceExamples of Deposition
Constructive Process Surface Feature Force/Agent
Deposition Deltas water / river
Deposition Floodplains water / river
Deposition Beaches and Barrier Islands water / ocean long-shore current
Deposition Sand dunes wind
Deposition Moraines and drumlins Ice / glacier
6
Other Constructive Forces
Constructive Process Surface Feature Force
Folding Mountains Plate tectonics
Faulting Mountains Plate tectonics
Earthquake Trench Fault Plate tectonics
Volcanic Activity Mountains Islands Plate tectonics
7
How Can a Surface Feature be Changed by a
Destructive Force?
  • Physical or Chemical Weathering
  • Weathering is the breaking down of rock into
    sediment.
  • Natural forces such as wind, water, ice, through
    the process of erosion.
  • Erosion is the movement of sediment from one
    place to another.

8
Changing the Earths Surface by a Destructive
ForceExamples of Weathering
  • Mechanical / Physical Weathering
  • Temperature Change-Freezing and thawing of Rock
  • Ice Wedging-Water freezing and expanding in
    cracks of rock
  • Impact of organisms
  • Root Pry
  • Animals burrowing
  • Chemical Weathering
  • Oxidation / rusting
  • Carbonic Acid / acid rain
  • Caverns
  • Impact of organisms
  • Secretion of acid from Lichen

9
Destructive ForceExamples of Erosion
Destructive Process Surface Feature Force/Agent
Erosion Canyons, Gorges, V-Shaped Valleys Water
Erosion Sea Arches, Sea Stacks Water
Erosion Buttes, Desert Wind
Erosion U-Shaped Valleys Ice
Erosion Mudslide, Sinkholes Gravity
10
Other Destructive Forces
  • Volcanic Activity
  • Movement of Earths Crust (Plate tectonics)
  • Reshaping of Mountains
  • Earthquakes
  • Movement of Earths Crust (Plate tectonics)
  • Trenches
  • cracks in the Earth Curst

11
Visit these sites
  • Land Formation

12
Controlling Constructive and Destructive Forces
  • How can constructive and destructive forces be
    controlled through the use of technology?
  • How does technology affect constructive and
    destructive forces?
  • What are examples of technology used to control
    constructive and destructive forces?

13
Effects on the Control of Constructive Forces
  • Dam a structure built across a river to control
    its flow
  • Positive Effect
  • Flood Control
  • Hydroelectric Power
  • Negative Effect
  • Holds back sediment
  • Prevents deposition of flood plains, deltas, and
    beaches

14
Effects on the Control of Destructive Forces
  • Prevention of beach erosion
  • Groin a structure built perpendicular to the
    beach.
  • Positive Effect
  • Traps sand that moves along the shore and causing
    the beach to build up.
  • Negative Effect
  • Beach Erosion down stream is worse.
  • Seawall a structure built parallel to the shore
  • Positive Effect
  • Protects land behind if from ocean the ocean
    waves
  • Negative Effect
  • Ocean side beach will erode
  • Beach Nourishment sand from ocean or nearby
    rivers are pumped onto the beach

15
Effects on the Control of Destructive Forces
  • Prevention of soil erosion
  • Contour Plowing method in which farmers plow
    across the sided of hill instead of down
  • Terracing the planting of corps on terraces
    (steps) built into steep hillsides.
  • Windbreaks rows of plants or fences.
  • Slow down wind and limit the distance it can
    carry soil.
  • Vegetation used to hold soil in place
  • Storm drain management a system of drains
  • Prevents flooding and soil erosion

16
Can Volcanoes and Earthquakes be Controlled?
  • Volcanoes and Earthquakes can not be controlled
  • However scientist have ways to determine when and
    where these they might occur.
  • Volcanoes
  • instruments are used to detect changes in
    volcanoes
  • Earthquakes
  • Detailed maps show major faults
  • Safety Education
  • No new buildings on or near faults
  • Building codes to resists earthquakes
  • Seismographs measures earthquakes on a rector
    scale

17
What Do You Think?
18
Deposition is a process that
  • Dissolves sediment
  • Breaks down rock to form sediment
  • Removes sediment from landforms
  • Drops sediment to form landforms

19
Where do deltas form?
  • In desert areas
  • At river mouths
  • On the banks of rivers
  • In valleys formed by glaciers

20
Long shore currents help create
  • Beaches
  • Dunes
  • Rivers
  • Drumlins

21
Volcanoes can create new land when they release
  • Lava
  • Water
  • Faults
  • Mud

22
What forms moraines and drumlins?
  • Wind
  • Rivers
  • Glaciers
  • Volcanoes

23
What landform forms from deposition at the mouths
of rivers?
  • a delta
  • a floodplain
  • a sand dune
  • a moraine

24
What is weathering?
  • A type of climate
  • The transport of sediment
  • The breakdown of rock
  • The aging of rock

25
Which of these is caused by chemical weathering?
  • desert pavement
  • formation of U-shaped valleys
  • formation of rust
  • ice expanding in cracks in rock at is weathering?

26
How do earthquakes change the land?
  • They transport sediment.
  • They form cracks in the surface.
  • They release ash and lava.
  • They cause chemical weathering.

27
A river can form
  • Sea arches.
  • U-shaped valleys.
  • V-shaped valleys.
  • Desert pavement.

28
Deposition forms these features on coasts.
  • drumlins
  • floodplains
  • barrier islands
  • U-shaped valleys

29
What causes V-shaped valleys to form?
  • deposition at river mouths
  • erosion by rivers
  • weathering by wind
  • erosion by glaciers

30
A dam across a river can cause
  • the formation of a delta.
  • the carving of a valley.
  • the erosion of a beach.
  • the formation of a sea stack.

31
Which of these helps prevent the harmful effects
of erosion?
  • dams
  • volcanoes
  • Long-shore currents
  • contour plowing

32
In which type of climate are you most likely to
find a sand dune that is not on the coast?
  • dry
  • humid
  • icy
  • hot

33
What does erosion do?
  • breaks down rock physically
  • moves broken pieces of rock
  • changes rock chemically
  • change sediment into rock

34
Beaches that have eroded are reclaimed through
  • weathering.
  • building of seawalls.
  • beach nourishment.
  • building of terraces.

35
Which of these is not a way to prevent soil
erosion?
  • planting vegetation
  • contour plowing
  • building windbreaks
  • building dams

36
Scientists know where earthquakes will occur
because they know the locations of
  • faults
  • volcanoes
  • mountains
  • long-shore currents.

37
Which of these do scientists use to predict when
a volcano is likely to erupt?
  • the age of the volcano
  • earthquakes beneath the volcano
  • temperature of nearby rivers
  • the hardness of rock near the volcano
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