Integrated Pest Management: Insect Challenges

1
Integrated Pest Management Insect Challenges

• Southern Maryland Vegetable Conference
• Presented by Ben Beale
• with Slides from
• Galen Dively, UMD
• Joanne Whalen, UDEL

2

• Topics
• Systemic worm control products
• Sweet corn BT protein releases
• Label Changes
• Resistance Issues

3
Systemic worm control products

• Chlorantraniliprole, also known as Rynaxypyr.
  Sold under the brand name Coragen
• New chemistry with excellent control of
  Lepidoptera pest
• Has activity as both a drench application and
  foliar application.

4
Systemic worm control products

• Potential benefits
• Residual control with easy application
• Reduced risk to applicator compared with
  conventional foliar applied products
• Very low mammalian toxicity
• Ability to reach Lepidoptera which may not be
  affected by contact products

5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
Does Chlorantraniliprole have activity in fruit?
8
Note .074 kg ai/ha is equivalent to 5ozs per
acre .112 kg ai/ha is equivalent to
7.5ozs per acre
9
Excellent tool for control of tomato tuberworm in
foliage. Will not control tuberworm once it has
entered the fruit.
10

• Now labeled on wide variety of vegetable crops,
  including most cucurbi crops, fruiting vegetables
  and cole crops.. NOT labeled on onions, parsnips,
  asparagus, garlic, turnips, radishes.

Brand name Tank Mix Products
Voliam Express Chlorantraniliprole Lamba-cyhalothrin
Voliam flexi, Durivo Chlorantraniliprole thiamethoxam

11
Sweet Corn Insect Control Whats New and What
Works
Galen P. Dively Department of Entomology
12
European corn borer
13
Corn earworm
14
Major problem with sprays - Maintaining a toxin
residue of insecticide on the silk tissue
15
Attribute Insect Protected Bt Sweet Corn
Syngenta Seeds

• Expresses Cry1Ab insecticidal protein in all
  tissues at consistently high levels throughout
  the crop cycle.
• Created by traditional breeding using event BT11
  field corn.
• Targets caterpillars attacking foliage and the
  developing ear.
• Bt hybrids available for processing and fresh
  market.

16
Effects on European Corn Borer
nonBt
Bt
nonBt
Bt

• 100 protection against whorl, stalk and ear
  damage.
• Eliminates all ECB-targeted insecticide
  applications.

17
Effects on Corn Earworm
nonBt
Bt

• Reduces kernel area consumed by gt90.
• Reduces side ear damage.
• Reduces insecticide applications by 80 or more
  depending on population pressure.

18
Effects on Fall Armyworm

• More tolerant to Cry1Ab protein
• Eliminates most whorl and tassel treatments.
• Reduces husk and kernel damage by 50 or more.

19

• Attribute Bt varieties provide excellent
  protection against caterpillars entering ears
  during fresh silking.
• High Bt protein expression in green silk tissue.

20

• After pollination, the Bt protein degrades as
  the silk tissue wilts and the expressed protein
  degrades, larvae can by-pass silk tissue and move
  directly to developing kernels.
• Larvae have a better chance to survive in the
  ear, because not all kernels express Bt protein.
  
• More damage is likely to occur under high insect
  pressure and in hybrids lacking good tip cover.
• Surviving larvae still become sick and do not
  develop or feed normally but can be present in
  25 or more of the ears.
• For late plantings, one or two insecticide
  sprays are needed to prevent ear damage from
  exceeding fresh market standards.

21
Attribute GSS0966 (Bt)
Prime Plus (non-Bt)
22
Abnormally High Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm
Pressure in 2010
Attribute BC0805 (Bt)
Providence(non-Bt)
Example of a late planting of untreated sweet
corn in MD
23
Next Generation of Bt Sweet Corn Technology
Seminis Seeds - Cry1A.105Cry2Ab Cry3Bb1
Performance Series Syngenta Seeds - VIP3A
Cry1Ab Attribute II (not available until 2013)
Pyramided and stacked genes
Advantages Added herbicide tolerant
genes Broader spectrum of insect control Higher
efficacy Less prone to resistance development
Cry1Ab
Non-Bt
24
Relative efficacy of single and pyramided transgenic corn with Bt events for caterpillar pests Relative efficacy of single and pyramided transgenic corn with Bt events for caterpillar pests Relative efficacy of single and pyramided transgenic corn with Bt events for caterpillar pests Relative efficacy of single and pyramided transgenic corn with Bt events for caterpillar pests Relative efficacy of single and pyramided transgenic corn with Bt events for caterpillar pests Relative efficacy of single and pyramided transgenic corn with Bt events for caterpillar pests Relative efficacy of single and pyramided transgenic corn with Bt events for caterpillar pests Relative efficacy of single and pyramided transgenic corn with Bt events for caterpillar pests
Event Protein ECB CEW FAW BCW WBCW
MON810 Cry1Ab E G G P P
BT11 Cry1Ab E G G P P
TC16-507 Cry1F E F VG G VG
MON89034 Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab E VG E F F
MON89034 TC16-507 Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab Cry1F E VG E VG VG
MIR162 BT11 Vip3A, Cry1Ab E E E E E
ECB European corn borer CEW corn earworm FAW
fall armyworm BCW black cutworm and WBCW
western bean cutworm. Control rating E
excellent, VG very good, G good, Ffair, and P
poor.
25
Kernel Segregation Ratios
B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
hemizygous for the Bt trait
BV Bv bV Bv
BV BBVV BBVv BbVV BbVv
Bv BBVv BBvv BbVv Bbvv
bV BbVV BbVv bbVV bbVv
bv BbVv Bbvv bbVv bbvv
26
Kernel Segregation Ratios
B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
Attribute single gene expression
(Cry1Ab) Performance Series (Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab
vectored)
BV Bv bV Bv
BV BBVV BBVv BbVV BbVv
Bv BBVv BBvv BbVv Bbvv
bV BbVV BbVv bbVV bbVv
bv BbVv Bbvv bbVv bbvv
27
Kernel Segregation Ratios
B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
Attribute single gene expression
(Cry1Ab) Performance Series (Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab
vectored)
BV Bv bV Bv
BV BBVV BBVv BbVV BbVv
Bv BBVv BBvv BbVv Bbvv
bV BbVV BbVv bbVV bbVv
bv BbVv Bbvv bbVv bbvv
Attribute II (Vip3A Cry1Ab separate events)
28
Efficacy of Performance Series Sweet Corn to
prevent ear injury
Obsession Bt Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab
Obsession Non-Bt Isoline
Bt varieties available Temptation, Obsession,
Passion
29
Sweet corn hybrid Control program Percent marketable ears PercentCEW damage CEW per ear Kernel area consumed (cm2)
BC 0805 Bt 2 sprays 54 46 0.5 0.7
BC 0805 Bt unsprayed 10 87 1.2 1.9
Obsession Bt 2 sprays 91 11 gt0.1 0.1
Obsession Bt unsprayed 74 37 0.4 0.3
Obsession nonBt 6 sprays 72 30 gt0.1 0.8
Obsession nonBt unsprayed 4 96 0.9 7.1
Providence nonBt unsprayed 0 100 1.2 10.3
2011 Experiment at Beltsville MD sprays applied
every 3 days starting at early fresh silk.
30
Efficacy of of Performance Series Sweet Corn to
prevent whorl and tassel injury
Obsession Bt Cry1A.105 Cry2Ab
Obsession Non-Bt Isoline
31
Efficacy of Attribute II Sweet Corn MD and MN
2007-2010
32
Providence Non-Bt Isoline
Attribute II - Vip3A Cry1Ab
33

• Bt Sweet Corn is an Environmentally Safe Control
  Option
• Ideally fits the IPM philosophy by combining
• - Host plant resistance
• - Different modes of action to prevent
  resistance. - Use of a reduced risk
  bioinsecticide.
• - Conserves beneficial insects
• Significantly reduces insecticide use and
  control costs.
• Efficacy may vary under adverse growing
  conditions or very high insect pressure.
• Does not replace IPM.

34

• Other sweet corn pests
• Expressed Bt proteins do not affect soil and
  seedling insects or sap beetles and rootworm
  beetles later in the season.

35
(No Transcript)
36
Scout fields Trap monitoring Destroy crop after
harvest
Attribute and Performance varieties require a
stewardship agreement to purchase
37
CURRENT ISSUE Pyrethroid Resistance in Corn
Earworm

• Increased resistance in southern and north
  central United States.
• Resistant moths from the south disperse into
  northern areas.
• Monitoring work in the Mid-Atlantic area has
  detected increased tolerance.
• Increasing reports of reduced efficacy.
• Weight of evidence indicates resistance is
  developing

Average Control of Pyrethroid Insecticides
based on Sweet Corn Field Tests from the
Mid-Atlantic Region Year Mean
Range 1999 84.7 75-99 2000 76.5 67-95 2001 80
.3 65-91 2002 78.3 53-94 2006-09 52.5 27-82
38
Fresh Market Sweet Corn Ear Quality
39

• Status of Insecticide Efficacy and Control
• Pyrethroids have lost 1/3 of their efficacy
  since 2002.
• No consistent differences among pyrethroid
  products.
• Efficacy of pyrethroids varies from year to
  year.
• Mixtures of Lannate and pyrethroids - best
  strategy.
• Recommend rotations with newer products
  (Coragen, Belt, Radiant).
• Silk zone spray coverage is essential.
• Tighter schedules may compensate for reduced
  efficacy.

40
Mid Season Trial 2011-- 6 appl. 3-4 day
schedule NOTE -- need to check labels for total
amt. allowed and intervals between applications
--9 treatments in the trial --Planted June
10--Harvested Aug 12 --CEW and Sap Beetle
Main Insects in this Trial
41
Treatment Application Timing ( order) Treatment Application Timing (order)
(1)Voliam Xpress Warrior II 1,3,5 2,4,6 (6) Belt Baythroid Lannate Baythroid 1,2,4,5 3,6
(2) Voliam Xpress Warrior II 1,2,3 4,5,6 (7) Larvin 1,2,3,4,5,6
(3) Coragen Lannate Asana 1,3,5 2,4,6 (8) Radiant 1,2,3,4,5,6
(4) Coragen Lannate Asana 1,2,3 4,5,6 (9) Gemstar LI 700 Radiant 1,3,5 2,4,6
(5) Belt NIS Baythroid 1,3,5 2,4,6 (10) Untreated -----
42
Mid Season Trial Results - 2011
Treatment Application Timing Clean Tip Damaged Ears
Voliam Xpress Warrior II 1,3,5 2,4,6 96.64a
Voliam Xpress Warrior II 1,2,3 4,5,6 93.87a
Coragen Lannate Asana 1,3,5 2,4,6 83.05abcd
Belt Baythroid Lannate Baythroid 1,2,4,5 3,6 88.87abc
Untreated ----- 1.27f
Untreated Control CEW and SB Damaged Ears 98
43
Late Season Trial 2011-- 6 appl. 3-4 day
schedule NOTE -- need to check labels for total
amt. allowed and intervals between applications
-- 9 treatments in the trial -- Planted July
1--Harvested Aug 29--Corn Earworm Main Pest in
this trial
44
Treatment Application Timing (order) Treatment Application Timing (order)
(1) Voliam Xpress Warrior II 1,3,5 2,4,6 (6) Belt Baythroid Lannate Baythroid 1,2,4,5 3,6
(2) Voliam Xpress Warrior II 1,2,3 4,5,6 (7) Lannate Warrior II 1,2,3,4,5,6
(3) Coragen Lannate Asana 1,3,5 2,4,6 (8) Radiant 1,2,3,4,5,6
(4) Coragen Lannate Asana 1,2,3 4,5,6 (9) Warrior II 1,3,5 2,4,6
(5) Belt NIS Baythroid 1,3,5 2,4,6 (10) Untreated -----
45
Late Season Trial Results - 2011
Treatment Application Timing Clean Tip Damaged
Voliam Xpress Warrior II 1,3,5 2,4,6 88.75ab
Voliam Xpress Warrior II 1,2,3 4,5,6 91.25a
Lannate Warrior 1,2,3,4,5,6 80.63abc
Belt Baythroid Lannate Baythroid 1,2,4,5 3,6 87.50ab
Untreated ----- 1.25f
Untreated Control CEW Damaged Ears 99
46
Summary of Sweet Corn Trial Results 2011

• Poorest Results
• -- Larvin ( no longer available in 2012 unless
  another company picks it up)
• -- Gemstar ( Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus)
  alternated with Radiant
• Best Results
• -- Voliam Xpress rotated or alternated with
  Warrior note high CEW pressure will need to use
  combo of Lannate Warrior when
  rotating/alternating with Voliam Xpress
• -- Combination of Belt Baythroid alternated
  with Lannate Baythroid
• -- Coragen alternated with Lannate Asana
  mid season
• -- Lannate Warrior still hanging in there
  for now

47
Label Changes

• Endosulfan (Thiodan) Label has been cancelled.
  Users must use any remaining product by the end
  use date set by EPA
• For many crops, endosulfan cannot be used after
  July 12, 2012, even if the product has a label
  that lists that crop.
• Be sure to adhere to the phase out guidelines.
  See label and EPA website for more info.

48
July 31 2012- Partial Listing

• Almond
• Apricot
• Broccoli
• Brussels sprouts
• Carrots
• Cauliflower
• Celery (non-AZ)
• Collard greens
• Dry beans
• Dry peas
• Eggplant

• Kale
• Kohlrabi
• Mustard greens
• Nectarine (CA only)
• Strawberry (Annual)
• Sweet potato
• Turnip
• Ornamental trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants

49
July 31 2012- Partial Listing

• Cabbage
• Cotton
• Cucumbers
• Lettuce
• Stone fruits not listed in Group A, including
  Nectarine (non-CA), Peaches, and Sweet cherry

• Summer melons (cantaloupe, honeydew, watermelon)
• Summer squash
• Tobacco

50
(No Transcript)
51
(No Transcript)
52
New Reduced-Risk Pesticides and Biotechnology
Products Less toxic to humans and wildlife Less
persistent Less likely to affect the environment
adversely More diverse chemically in their modes
of action More active chemically, applied at
lower rates
53
New Classes of Insecticides NICOTINOIDS
imidacloprid - Admire, Gaucho, Merit, Provado,
Marathon acetamiprid - Assail, Pristine, Chipco
thiamethoxam - Actara, Platinum, Adage others
pursuing U.S. registration. Replaces many
older products for sucking insect
control.   SPINOSYNS spinosad SpinTor,
Success, Tracer, Naturalyte. Entrust - new
organic certified product, available in 2003.
Excellent caterpillar product.  
54
OXADIAZINES indoxacarb - Steward and Avaunt.
Very effective product to control lepidopteran
insects, especially hard to kill insects such as
BAW.    
IGRs - Insect Growth Regulators buprofezin
Applaud Registered on certain nut and fruit
crops for whitefly, scale insect, and leafhopper
control tebufenozide Confirm methoxyfenozide
Intrepid. Used on vegetables, pome fruits,
several small fruits, and canola to control
lepidopteran insects. IGRs can be used against
many pests expect to see an increase in IGR
registrations.
55
  AVERMECTINS abamectin - Agri-Mek. emamectin
benzoate - Proclaim, Denim. milbemectin
Ultiflora, Koromite. Used to control mites and
caterpillars at the very low rates.
56
Cucumber Beetle Bacterial Wilt
57
Cucumber Beetle Management

• Scout field, especially field edges and under
  plastic
• Watermelon resistant to bacterial wilt, but can
  damage seedlings and rind
• Cantaloupe very susceptible to wilt
• Treatment Thresholds
• Watermelon 2 beetles per plant
• Cantaloupe - presence

58
Cucumber Beetle Management Effect of Chemigation
Treatments Trial Results from Joanne Whalen and
Marty Spellman, UDel
59
Cucumber Beetle Management Gallia Melons Trial
Results from Tom Kuhar and Jack Speese, Virginia
Tech
a
a
a
ab
b,c
c
cd
ed
ed
ed
e