Ancient Civilizations

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AncientCivilizations

• Emerging Europe and
• The Byzantine Empire

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Germanic Kingdoms

• Germanic people began moving into Rome in the 3rd
  century
• Visigoths occupied Spain Italy until the
  Ostrogoths took control of Italy in the 5th
  century
• By 500 Western Roman empire had became of
  states ruled by German kings
• Germanic Angles Saxons Anglo-Saxons moved
  into Britain in 5th century
• Clovis-Christian convert, established Frankish
  kingdom -500

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Germanic Kingdoms

• Clovis converted to Christianity after calling
  for Jesus help during battle the enemy fled
  after the plea
• Clovis gained support of the Roman Catholic
  Church
• By 510, Clovis established Frankish kingdom from
  Pyrenees to present day Germany
• After Clovis death, his sons divided the kingdom
• Germans Romans intermarried German customs
  had an important role
• Extended family was center of society

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Clovis
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Germanic Kingdoms

• Extended families in German society worked
  together defended each other during violent
  times
• Germanic law was personal, one injuring another
  led to a savage blood feuds
• Wergild (money for a man) system was developed to
  avoid bloodshed after crimes such as murder/
  wrongdoer paid the injured partys family a set
  amount of money which varied by social status

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Role of the Church

• Christianity became main religion of Roman empire
  by 4th century
• Roman church developed a system of organization
• Priests was head of parishes local communities
• Bishop was head of diocese - a group of parishes
  or bishopric
• Archbishop head of groups of diocese
• Bishop of Rome became known as Pope the head of
  what is now known as the Roman Catholic Church

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Pope
Patriarch
Archdiocese/Archbishop
Bishop/Diocese
______
Priest/Parish
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Roman Catholic Church

• Pope claim was based on the belief that Jesus
  gave Peter the keys to Heaven
• Peter was considered to be the chief apostle
  the first bishop of Rome
• Bishops who succeeded Peter were called popes
  Latin word for papa father
• Western Christians accepted the pope as the
  churchs leader, but could not agree on the
  popes powers
• Gregory I strengthened power by taking political
  control of Rome surrounding territories

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Gregory I
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Role of Church

• Gregory pope from 590-604, extended papal
  authority over the Western Church actively
  converted non-Christians
• Monk man who separates himself from the rest of
  the world to become closer to God/ Monasticism is
  the practice of living like a monk
• Saint Benedict founded an order of Monks wrote
  rules for their practice
• Benedicts rules divided the day into activities
  emphasizing prayer physical labor to keep monks
  busy

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Role of Church

• Monks meditated read privately/ They prayed
  together seven times a day
• All aspects of Benedict life was communal
• Abbot (father) ruled each Benedictine monastery
• Monks were to obey the Abbot/ took a vowel of
  poverty/monks dedication made then new heroes of
  Christian civilization/ were social workers in
  communities
• Monks spread Christianity throughout Europe/Irish
  English monks were enthusiastic missionaries

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Role of Church

• Nuns women who withdrew from the world to
  dedicate themselves to God
• Nuns lived in convents headed abbesses
• Abess Hilda founded a monastery in Whitby in 657
  where she educated five future bishops

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St. Benedict
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Roles
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Nuns Monks
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Charlemagne

• 600 700s, Frankish kings lost their power to
  the chief officers of the kings household
  mayors of the palace
• Pepin assumed the kingship
• Pepins son became king after his death in 768
  son was Charles the Great Charlemagne
• Charlemagne one of historys great kings/
  curious, driven, intelligent, strong warrior,
  devout Christian/ was illiterate, but strongly
  supported learning
• Ruled from 768 to 814/ Expanded the Frankish
  kingdom into Carolingian empire covered much of
  western central Europe

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Charlemagne

• Charlemagne established missi dominci (messengers
  of the lord king) two men who were sent to make
  for sure the kings wishes were followed
• 800, he was crowned emperor of the Romans/ the
  coronation symbolized the coming together of the
  Roman, Christian, Germanic elements that forged
  European civilization
• Carolingian Renaissance was promoted by
  Charlemagne desire to promote learning
• Benedictine monks played important role in
  revival of learning

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Early Weapons of Mass Destruction
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Fall of Carolingian empire

• Charlemagne died in 814/ by 844 Carolingian
  empire divided into 3 kingdoms by grandsons
• Muslims invaded southern France
• Magyars settled on the plains of Hungary
• Vikings (Norsemen of Scandinavia) attacked the
  empire
• Vikings were superb warriors shipbuilders/
  famed dragon ships carrying about 50 men could go
  shallow rivers to attack inland
• 9th century, Vikings settled in Europe
• 911, Frankish king gave Vikings land of Normandy

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Feudalism

• Invaders posed a threat to the safety of the
  people due to decentralized government
• People began to turn landed aristocrats or nobles
  for protection/ led to feudalism
• Feudalism arose between 800-900/ similar system
  in Japan- Samurai
• Vassalage center of feudalism/ came from
  Germanic society where warriors swore oath to
  their leader
• Vassal man who served a lord militarily

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Feudalism Military Service for Land

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Feudalism

• Knights heavily armored warriors
• Male armor made of metal links or plates
• Frankish army initially set up foot soldiers in
  mail
• Heavily armored knights dominated warfare for
  over 500 years
• Knights had great prestige formed much of
  European aristocracy
• Early Middle Ages (500-1000) wealth was based on
  owning land/very little trade
• Nobles gave a piece of land to vassals in
  exchange for fighting fief

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Feudalism

• Vassals had political authority in their fief/in
  charge of keeping order
• Feudalism became complicated kings had vassals
  who had vassals
• Feudal contract unwritten rules that
  characterized feudalism/relationship between king
  vassal/knights for about 40-60 days a year
• Vassals were to advise the lord, financial
  obligations to the lord, knighting of his eldest
  son,
• Lord supported the vassal with land grant
  protection in military court

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Feudal Obligations

• Vassals
• Military service for 40-60 days.
• Homage.
• Serve on the lords court.
• Gifts for weddings and knighthoods.
• Ransom.

• Lords
• Protection.
• Justice.
• Wardship oversee personal affairs and family if
  vassal dies in service.

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Page, Squire, Knight
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Joust
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Feudalism

• Castles permanent residences fortresses/s
  increased in high middle ages(1000-1300)
• Middle Ages nobles dominated European society/
  main concern was warfare
• Nobles kings, dukes, counts, barons, bishops,
  archbishops
• Knighthood united lords knights in
  aristocracy
• Knights trained as warriors/ no adult
  responsibility
• Young knights held tournaments to show their
  skills/ joust became main attraction

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Feudalism

• 11th 12th century, under influence of Church-
  chivalry became important to knights
• Chivalry civilized behavior, knights were to
  defend the church defenseless people, treat
  captives as honored guests, fight for glory not
  rewards
• Women could own property, but were under control
  of men/ first their fathers, then their husbands
• Lady of the castle in charge of household
  estate
• Eleanor of Aquitane married to king Louis VII
  of France Henry II of England/ 2 children
  became kings of England

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Eleanor
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Alfred the Great Unified The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy
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England

• King Alfred the Great united the various kingdoms
  of England that had been ruled by Anglo-Saxon
  kings
• Angles, Saxons, Germanic people were united

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Norman Conquest

• 10/4/1066, William of Normandy defeated King
  Harold of England at the battle of Hastings
• William was then crowned King of England
• Norman knights received land as a fief and swore
  allegiance to the king
• Marriage of French Anglo-Saxons led to a new
  English culture
• Normans adopted Anglo-Saxon institutions office
  of sheriff, census called Domesday Book
• William further developed taxation royal courts

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William I, the Conqueror Brought Norman Feudalism
To England
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Henry II

• Henry II enlarged English monarchy
• Expanded the power of the royal courts kings
  power/increased of criminal cases tried on the
  kings court
• Common law replaced law codes across the kingdom
• Tried to control Church but failed
• Thomas Beckett, archbishop of Canterbury said
  only Roman Catholic Church could try clergy
• Four knights murdered Beckett, Henry was outraged
  backed down

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Magna Carta

• English nobles resented the growth of the kings
  power/ rebellion was raised against King John
• 1215, King John was forced to put his seal on the
  Magna Carta
• Magna Carta feudal document, written
  recognition that the power of the king was
  limited
• 13th century, under Edward I English parliament
  emerged
• Parliament 2 knights from every county, 2
  people from every town, and all the bishops
  nobles throughout England

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John Was Forced To Sign the Magna Carta in 1215
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English Parliament

• Eventually 2 houses were formed
• Nobles church lords formed House of the Lords
• Knights townspeoples House of Commons
• Parliaments granted taxes passed laws

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Edward I Called a Parliament Of Lords and Commons
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French Kingdom

• Kingdom of France was 1/3 of the former
  Carolingian empire
• Hugh Capet was chosen to be king by west Frankish
  nobles establishing the Capetian dynasty
• Capetians had little power only controlled the
  land around Paris/ Dukes had more power than
  kings
• Phillip II of Augustus was the turning point in
  the French monarchy
• Phillip waged war against England gained
  control of the Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Aquitaine

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French Kingdom

• Phillip II successors continued to add land to
  the Kingdom
• 13th century, Louis IX ruled/ deeply religious
  man who later made a saint by the Catholic
  church/Known for his attempts bring justice to
  his people
• Phillip IV, Phillip the Fair, effective in
  strengthening the French monarchy expanding the
  royal bureaucracy
• Phillip IV started a French parliament/Estates
  General

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Louis IX
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Philip IV Called the Estates- General to Raise
Taxes
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Holy Roman Empire

• German kings attempted to rule both German
  Italian lands but struggled to do so
• Fredericks attempt to conquer northern Italy
  caused problems
• Pope opposed him fearing that he wanted to
  include Rome the papal states
• Northern Italian cities did not want to be his
  subjects
• Alliance of Italian cities pope defeated
  Frederick I in 1176
• Frederick II also waged a war against the pope
  northern cities lost

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Otto I
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East Central Europe

• Slavic people divided into 3 groups western,
  eastern, southern Slavs
• Western Slavs formed the Polish Bohemian
  kingdoms
• Poles, Czechs, Hungarians were all converted to
  Christianity by German Monks
• Eastern Slavic people were converted to Orthodox
  Christianity by two Byzantine missionary
  brothers Cyril Methodius
• Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians were converted to
  Eastern Orthodoxy

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St. Cyril and St. Methodius
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Russia

• Eastern Slavic people settled in present day
  Ukraine Russia
• 8th century, Swedish Vikings began to move in
  search of plunder trade routes
• Vikings eventually dominated the native people
• Vikings named it Rus where word Russia is
  derived

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Kievan Rus

• Oleg, Viking leader, settled in Kiev at the
  beginning of 10th century created principality
  of Kiev
• Oleg successors expanded Kiev until it reached
  territory between Baltic Black Seas, Danube
  Volga rivers
• Vikings married Slavic wives gradually
  assimilated into the Slavic population
• Rus leader, Vladimir, married sister of Byzantine
  Emperor officially accepted the Eastern
  Orthodox Church for all the people in 988
• Kievan Rus prospered up until invasions brought
  an end to the 1st Russian state in 1169

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Oleg
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Vladimir I Chose Eastern Orthodoxy
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Mongol Rule in Russia

• 13th century, Mongols conquered Russia forced
  Russian princes to pay tribute to them
• Alexander Nevsky, prince of Novgorood, defeated a
  German army in northwest Russia in 1242
• Khan, leader of Mongolia, rewarded Nevsky title
  of grand prince
• Nevsky descendants became princes of Moscow
  eventual leaders of Russia

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Alexander Nevsky, Prince Of Novgorod
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Thanksgiving Kitty
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Reign of Justinian

• 5th century, Eastern Roman empire was centered
  around Constantinople
• Justinian became emperor in 527/ determined to
  reestablish the Roman empire in the
  Mediterranean/ reached his goals by 552
• 3 years after Justinians death, the Lombards
  conquered Italy most of the area that Justinian
  had controlled
• Justinian created the Body of Civil Law code of
  Roman laws that was the basis of imperial law in
  Eastern Roman empire until its end in 1453

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Constantinople
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Emperor Justinian
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Beginning of Byzantine Empire

• Justinians conquest left Eastern Roman empire
  with too much land to protect far from
  Constantinople
• Arab Muslims were the biggest threat to Eastern
  Roman Empire
• Islamic forces defeated an army of Eastern Roman
  at Yarmuk in 636 lost Syria Palestine
• 679, Bulgars defeated the Eastern Roman empire
  took possession of the lower Danube Valley
• 8th century, Eastern Roman empire was much
  smaller (Asia minor eastern Balkans)

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Byzantine Empire

• Both a Greek Christian state
• Greek replaced Latin as the official language
• Christian church became known as Eastern Orthodox
  Church
• Byzantine emperor controlled the church the
  state
• Emperor appointed the head of the church
• Government religious officials were all bound
  together in the service of a spiritual ideal

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Life in Constantinople

• Largest city in Europe in the Middle Ages
• Based on trade until the 12th century/ Europes
  greatest center of Commerce
• During Justinians reign, silkworms were smuggled
  from China to begin a silk industry
• Hagia Sophia church of Holy Wisdom
• Hippodrome arena where gladiator fights
  chariot races were held

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Byzantine Empire

• Macedonians ruled the Byzantine Empire from
  876-1081
• Macedonians expanded the empire
• Expanded trade relations w/ Western Europe
• Late 11th century lot of political social
  disorder

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EOC Catholic Split

• Eastern Orthodox Church did not accept the popes
  claim as head of Church
• 1054, Pope Leo IX Michael Cerularius (Head of
  Byzantine Church) excommunicated each other
• Great Schism seperation between two great
  branches of Christianity

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Byzantine Art Mosaics and Illuminated Manuscripts
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Hagia Sophia
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What a Bunch of Turkeys
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Crusades

• 11th 13th centuries, European Christians
  carried out a series of military expeditions to
  take back the holy land from the Muslims
• Seljuk Turks won the battle of Manzikert
  threatened Constantinople
• Crusades began when Pope Urban II responded to
  the request of Alexius I to liberate Jerusalem
  Palestine
• Urban II called for crusades _at_ infidels
• Infidels were the non believers Muslims, Jews

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Alexius I Asked For Help and Urban II Called For
the First Crusade
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First Crusades

• Mostly French knights captured Antioch in 1098
  Jerusalem in 1099
• Massacred Muslim Jewish inhabitants
• 4 Latin Crusader states were established that
  lasted 100 years
• 1120s, Muslims began to strike back which led to
  another Crusade

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2nd Crusade

• The fall of a Latin Kingdom led to the call of
  another crusade
• Saint Bernard of Clairvaux called for the crusade
  got the support of King Louis VII of France
  Conrad III of Germany
• 2nd Crusade was a total failure
• 1187, Jerusalem fell to Saladin
• 3 important rulers then agreed to begin a third
  Crusade

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Louis VII and Conrad III Respond To Bernard of
Clairvauxs Call For a Second Crusade
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Saladins Capture of Jerusalem Sparked the Third
Crusade
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3rd Crusade

• Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I
  (Richard the Lionhearted) of England, Phillip II
  of Augustus of France
• Members of the 3rd arrived in the East by 1189
  encountered problems
• Barbarossa drowned while swimming in a river
• English French had success with their naval
  fleets against coastal cities, but failed as they
  moved inland
• Richard I negotiated a settlement with Saladin to
  allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

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Philip II, Frederick I And Richard I Responded
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4th Crusade

• 6 years after the death of Saladin in 1193, Pope
  Innocent III initiated the 4th crusade
• On their way to the East became involved a
  conflict with the Byzantine Empire over the
  succession to the Byzantine throne
• Crusaders diverted to Constantinople sacked the
  city in 1204/ Byzantine empire was reestablished
  in 1261 but was never as powerful
• Ottoman Turks eventually conquered Byzantine 190
  years later

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Osman Founder Of the Ottoman Turks
Sultan Mahmet II Conqueror of Constantinople
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Results of the Crusades

• Increased wealth of Italian city-states like
  Genoa and Venice.
• Began Jewish persecution and genocide.
• Started the breakdown of feudalism and an
  increase in the power of kings.
• Improved technology such as better ships and
  maps, and skills in siege techniques and weapons.

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Crusading Kitty