Taxonomy

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Taxonomy the 5 Kingdom System

• One of the purposes of taxonomy is to discover an
  organisms PHYLOGENY or evolutionary history.
• We will be following organisms through the
  evolutionary family tree, always keeping the
  phylogeny of the different phyla in mind.

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Monerans Prokaryotic Cells

• commonly called bacteria

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Structure

• Prokaryotic cells are not as complex as
  eukaryotic cells. They do not have a nucleus and
  they only have a few simple organelles
• They have a cell wall and a cell membrane,
  cytoplasm and ribosomes. Their genetic material
  (DNA or RNA) is circular. Some of the monerans
  move around by means of a tail-like flagella

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Comparison
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Structure of Prokaryotic Cells
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Identifying Monerans

• 1. Cell Shape
• a. Rod-Shaped
• Bacillus

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Bacillus Electron micrograph
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Bacilli ( gram negative)with Flagella
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Bacilli with Pilli
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Comparative Size RBCs and Bacteria
A RBC B WBC C - bacteria
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b. Spherical Cocci

• Cocci

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Streptococcus
Sometimes, cocci will form chains
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c. Spiral Shaped Spirillum
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Under our microscopes, it is difficult to
distinguish between these 3 shapes.
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Under TEM
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Under our Microscopes
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2. Cell Walls

• Bacteria cell walls can be stained by either
  CRYSTAL VIOLET (purple) or SAFRANINE (red). These
  stains are called GRAM stains. If the bacterium
  picks up the purple stain, it is considered GRAM
  POSITIVE. If the bacterium picks stains red, it
  is considered GRAM NEGATIVE.

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Gram Staining Overview

• 1. Wash slide
• 2. Fix bacteria to slide
• 3. Flood with Crystal Violet
• 4. Leave 1 minute
• 5. Rinse with water
• 6. Flood with grams iodine
• 7. Decolorize with Ethanol
• (gram (-) loose color)
• 8. Counterstain with Safranin 30 seconds
• 9. Rinse with water, air dry

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3. Bacterial Movement

• We can also distinguish between different types
  of bacteria by how they get around.
• Types of movement include
• Whipping its flagella, gliding along a slime
  layer, slithering along like a snake and
  spiralling forward like a cork-screw.

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Diversity of Bacteria

• Some are autotrophic either phototrophic or
  chemotrophic. (chemotrophic use inorganic
  molecules like hydrogen sulphides, nitrites or
  iron to make energy. They live in harsh
  environments)

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Chemosynthetic Ecosystems

• In a normal marine ecosystem, the organisms found
  at the bottom of the food chain are seagrass and
  phytoplankton, which produce energy through
  photosynthesis (a photosynthetic ecosystem). In
  environments rich in methane and sulfides, one
  type of food chain relies on chemosynthetic
  bacteria as basic producers. These include
  sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, methane-oxidizing
  bacteria, and sulfide-reducing bacteria. Such an
  environment is referred to as a chemosynthetic
  ecosystem.

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• A special characteristic of a chemosynthetic
  ecosystem is its large biomass, despite its
  location in the deep sea.

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Diversity

• Some are HETEROTROPHIC (like humans are). This
  means that they ingest organic molecules, and
  digest them to release the energy.

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Diversity

• Some are OBLIGATE AEROBES (like us) they would
  die without oxygen.

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Diversity

• Others are OBLIGATE ANAEROBES they would die in
  the presence of oxygen.
• ? (example of this is C. botulinum causes
  botulism)

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• Finally, some bacteria are FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
  these bacteria can live with or without oxygen.

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Bacterial Reproduction

• 1. Binary Fission. (a form of asexual
  reproduction)

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2. Conjugation

• (a form of sexual reproduction).
• A protein bridge is formed between the two
  bacteria through which the donor bacterium sends
  part of its genetic material to the recipient.

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3. Spore Formation

• When conditions are unfavourable, the bacterium
  might create a thick, internal wall around its
  genetic material and some cytoplasm. This
  ENDOSPORE can remain dormant for an indeterminate
  amount of time, waiting for more favourable
  conditions again

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The 4 Phyla of MONERA

• 1. Eubacteria
• The true bacteria
• This is the largest group of bacteria (in
  numbers, not size!)

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2. Cyanobacteria

• The blue-green algae. (this is a mis-nomer
  algae are EUKARYOTIC cells). Thes are
  autotrophic, but us a more primitive form of
  photosynthesis than found in higher plants.

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3. Archaebacteria

• These APPEAR to be the most primitive, ancient
  forms of bacteria. However, on closer
  examination, they are more closely related to
  eukaryotic cells than they are to other
  prokaryotic cells.

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• Archaebacteria live in the HARSHEST of conditions
  high temperatures, high salinity (halophilic),
  oxygen free (anaerobic), chemosynthetic, etc.

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Archaebacteria A halobacteria (Lives in high
salinity)

• they color the salt flats of desert playas and
  evaporation ponds a pinkish-red. This is in Owens
  Lake CA. Owens Lake was once a vast blue lake,
  before it was drained (by diverting Owens River)
  to provide LA with water. Today it is a
  pinkish-red, dry lake bed teaming with
  salt-loving archaebacteria. A drop of brine
  contains millions of tiny bacilli swimming among
  crystals of NaCl.

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• Archaebact. At high temperatures. Yellowstone
  National Park ?

? High Salinity - Great Salt Lake, Utah (aerial
view)
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4. Prochlorobacteria

• These bacteria have chlorophyll a and chlorophyll
  b which makes them very similar to chloroplasts
  found in higher plants.

Host a tunicate
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Bacteria in Our World

• Food Production bacteria are used to produce
  cheese, yogurt, sour cream, vinegar, etc.

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Lactobacillus acidiphilus and Streptococcus
thermophilis (1000X) The bacteria that make Yogurt
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Industry

• Bacteria can digest some petroleum, remove waste
  products from water, mine minerals from the
  ground and can produce some drugs (like insulin).
• ? Thiobacillus ferrooxidans extracts copper from
  low-grade copper ore

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Oil-Spill Treatment
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• Species from all of the 4 other Kingdoms are
  dependent on bacteria in symbiotic relationships
  with different bacteria
• Ex lichen
• bacteria and fungus

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• Termites, are composite organisms.  The protist
  at left is just "one" of hundreds of thousands of
  microbes that live symbiotically within the
  termites digestive tract, and it is actually
  composed of at least 5 different organisms.  The
  "hair-like" projections are actually several
  different species of spirochete and bacillus
  bacteria that seem to function in movement. 
  Still other bacteria live within the protist
  cell, releasing energy from the food that it
  absorbs while other bacteria produce the enzymes
  necessary for digestion of the cellulose and
  lignin fibers that are the main components of
  wood.

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• Some bacteria are saprophytes (organisms that
  obatin their energy and nutrients from
  once-living material). We depend on their
  ability to decompose organisms after they have
  died. They are also responsible for the
  decomposition of our sewage.

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• Some plants are dependent on bacteria for
  nitrogen fixation they are able to trap the
  nitrogen from the air into ammonia (NH3) and
  nitrate (NO3-). Plants can use these forms of
  nitrogen, but are unable to use nitrogen from the
  air

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• there are far more beneficial bacteria in this
  world than pathogenic bacteria

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• Pathogenic bacteria cause us grief in two ways
  damaging cells and releasing toxins
  (staphylcoccus infection - impetigo

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• We have learned many techniques to sterilize our
  environments and our foods by using high
  temperatures and disinfectants.

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• Medicine is able to prevent bacterial infections
  using vaccinations.

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• We also have antibiotics drugs that kill
  bacteria specifically.

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