Fiber

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Fiber Hair Analysis
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Hair Evidence

• Hair is composed primarily of the protein keratin
• Defined as slender outgrowths of the skin of
  mammals
• Each species of animal possesses hair with
  characteristic length, color, shape, root
  appearance, and internal microscopic features
  that distinguish one animal from another

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• Variability exists in types of hairs found on
  body of an animal
• Humans
• Head, pubic region, arms, legs other body areas
  have characteristics that can determine their
  origin
• Hair types include coarse outer hairs or guard
  hairs (finer fur hairs, tactile hairs whiskers,
  others that originate from tail mane)

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• Value of hair as evidence depends on
• Types of hair recovered
• Condition of hair
• of hairs found

• Comparison of microscopic characteristics of
  questioned hairs to known hair samples helps
  determine whether a transfer may have occurred

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Hair Morphology

• Hair is an appendage of the skin that grows out
  of an organ known as the hair folicle
• Grows from hair follicle
• Root is embedded in follicle
• Shaft has 3 parts
• Cuticle
• Cortex
• medulla
• Terminates at a tip end

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Anatomy of a Hair
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Follicle

• Hair is an appendage of the skin that grows out
  of a hair follicle.

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The follicle contains more than enough cells for
simple DNA Analysis
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Root

• The length of a hair extends from the root
  embedded in the follicle.

• A single root contains sufficient DNA for analysis

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Root

• The root and other surrounding cells in the hair
  follicle provide the tools necessary to produce
  hair and continue its growth.
• When pulled from the head, some translucent
  tissue surrounding the hairs shaft near the root
  may be found. This is called a follicular tag.
• By using DNA analysis on the follicular tag, the
  hair may be individualized.

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Cuticle

• Is the outside covering of hair
• Gives hair resistance to chemical composition
  stability (retaining features over a long period
  of time
• Formed by overlapping scales that always point
  toward the tip end
• Scale pattern is useful in species identification
  but not a useful characteristic for
  individualizing human hair
• Variety of patterns formed by animal hair makes
  it an important feature for species
  identification

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• Human b) Dog c) Deer
• d) Rabbit e) cat f) Horse

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Cortex

• Main body of hair shaft
• The interior of the hair
• It is embedded with pigment granules that give
  hair its color
• Color, shape, distribution of the granules
  provide important points of comparison

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Pigment granules are absent in grey hairs
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Medulla

• Group of cells having appearance of a central
  canal running through a hair
• Sometimes it is the predominant feature,
  occupying more than ½ the diameter (varies by
  species)
• Medullary index is the diameter of medulla
  relative to diameter of hair shaft
• Humans is less than 1/3
• Other animals, value is ½ or greater

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• Presence appearance vary between individuals
  among the hairs in a given individual
• Medulla patterns
• Continuous
• Interrupted
• Fragmented
• Absent all together

• Human head hairs the medulla is usually absent
  or fragmented rarely have continuous
• Animal medulla is either continuous or
  interrupted

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• Shape of medulla
• Cylindrical humans many animals
• Patterned shape other animals
• Ex. Medulla of cat resembles a string of pearls
• Ex. Deer medulla is spherical cells occupying the
  entire hair shaft

CAT
DEER
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HUMAN
DOG
RABBIT
CAT
DEER
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Hair Growth

• Regions of the body that are primarily used in
  forensic comparisons are the head pubic areas
• As hairs undergo cyclical growth ( anagen)
  resting phase (telogen), the visible microscopic
  characteristics are sufficient to determine the
  phase of growth of the hair

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• Anagen phase
• Hair actively growing
• Materials are deposited in hair shaft by cells
  found in follicle
• Metabolically active dividing cells above
  around the dermal papilla of the follicle grow
  upward during this phase to form medulla,
  cortex, cuticle, root sheath
• 80-90 of hairs
• Telogen phase
• Follicle is dormant or resting
• 10-18
• Catagen phase
• Transition period between anagen telogen
• 2

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• Hairs routinely lost during telogen phase
  become a primary source of evidentiary material
• Hairs can also become dislodged from the body
  while they are in an actively growing state
  (anagen)
• Microscope appearance of root area will allow for
  the determination of growth phase

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• When pulled from the root, some anagen hairs will
  have a follicular tag
• Is a translucent piece of tissue surrounding the
  hairs shaft near the root
• Contains the richest source of DNA associated
  w/hair

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Naturally shed hair - Displays undamaged, club
shaped roots
Forcibly removed hair - Will exhibit stretching
damage to root area
Forcibly removed hair w/tissue attached
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Comparing Strands

• The comparison microscope is an indispensable
  tool for comparing the morphological
  characteristics of hair.
• When comparing strands of human hair, the
  criminalist is particularly interested in
  matching the color, length, and diameter.
• A careful microscopic examination of hair will
  reveal morphological features that can
  distinguish human hair from the hair of animals.
• Scale structure, medullary index, and medullary
  shape are particularly important in animal hair
  identification.

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Comparing Strands

• Other important features for comparing human hair
  are
• the presence or absence of a medulla
• the distribution, shape, and color intensity of
  the pigment granules present in the cortex
• The most common request is to determine whether
  or not hair recovered at the crime scene compares
  to hair removed from the suspect.
• However, microscopic hair examinations tend to be
  subjective and highly dependant on the skills and
  integrity of the analyst.

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Questions

• Can the body area from which a hair originated be
  determined?
• Can the racial origin of hair be determined?
• Can the age and sex of an individual be
  determined from a hair sample?
• Is it possible to determine if a hair was
  forcibly removed from the body?
• Are efforts being made to individualize human
  hair?
• Can DNA individualize a human hair?

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Hair Microscopy

• Done w/light microscopy
• Is a 2 step process
• ID of questioned hairs
• Comparison of questioned known hairs
• Purpose
• To ascertain whether 2 or more individuals could
  have come into contact w/an object
• Particularly useful in crimes of violence
  (homicide, sexual assault, aggravated assault)
  where physical contact may have occurred

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• Value of hair evidence
• Related to the variability of hair
  characteristics between individuals in the
  population
• Factors that impact the reliability of a hair
  assoication
• Experience
• Training
• Suitability of known hair standards
• Adequacy of equipment

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Hair and DNA

• Recent major breakthroughs in DNA profiling have
  extended this technology to the individualization
  of human hair.
• The probability of detecting DNA in hair roots is
  more likely for hair being examined in its anagen
  or early growth phase as opposed to its catagen
  (middle) or telogen (final) phases.
• Often, when hair is forcibly removed a follicular
  tag, a translucent piece of tissue surrounding
  the hairs shaft near the root may be present.
• This has proven to be a rich source of nuclear
  DNA associated with hair.

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Hair and Mitochondrial DNA

• Mitochondrial DNA can be extracted from the hair
  shaft.
• Mitochondrial DNA is found in cellular material
  located outside of the nucleus and it is
  transmitted only from the mother to child.
• As a rule, all positive microscopical hair
  comparisons must be confirmed by DNA analysis.

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Collection and Preservation

• As a general rule, forensic hair comparisons
  involve either head hair or pubic hair.
• The collection of 50 full-length hairs from all
  areas of the scalp will normally ensure a
  representative sampling of head hair.
• A minimum collection of two dozen full-length
  pubic hairs should cover the range of
  characteristics present in pubic hair.
• Hair samples are also collected from the victims
  of suspicious deaths during an autopsy.

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Steps in Hair Examination Process

• Determine if hair in question is from animal or
  human
• If from animal
• Identify the type of animal (species, not
  specific animal)

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Animal Hairs

• Hairs can vary greatly in color length on
  different areas of the body therefore, you
  should collect reference samples from each area
• Samples should contain
• Full length hairs
• Combings pluckings
• If animal isnt available for collection, a brush
  or comb used on that animal may be substituted

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• Animal hairs found at scene or on clothing may
  have come from a fur coat or pelt
• Since these are usually artificially dyed dont
  have a root, its preferred that entire garment
  be obtained for suitable samples

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Human Hairs

• An individual sheds approximately 100 head hairs
  each day
• Body area determination
• Characteristics used
• Length, shape, size, color, stiffness, curliness,
  microscopic appearance, pigmentation, medullar
  appearance
• Hairs that exhibit microscopic characteristics
  shared by different anatomical areas are called
  body hairs
• Include hair on upper legs, lower abdomen, and
  back

- Head pubic hairs are used most for forensic
work because there is a wide range of
interpersonal variation in these types of hair
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Head hairs

• Longest hairs on human body
• Have uniform diameter and, often, a cut tip
• Are subject to more alteration than hairs from
  other body areas

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Razor-cut hair
Hair w/cut tip
Split hair
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• Alterations to natural appearance include
• Dyes, rinses, permanents, frosts
• Environmental alterations
• Excessive sunlight, wind, dryness
• Because of potential for alteration, it is
  recommended that head hair samples be obtained as
  soon as possible from suspects victims of crime
• Samples obtained years after a crime are
  generally not suitable for meaningful comparison
  purposes

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• Known samples
• Need a random sampling of hair from different
  areas of scalp
• of hairs required vary
• General rule is to obtain at least 25 full-length
  hairs, which includes both plucked combed,
  packaged separately

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Pubic Hairs

• Not subject to as much change as head hairs over
  time
• Therefore, a sample taken a year or more after a
  crime may still be suitable for a meaningful
  comparison
• Its recommended that known samples be collected
  ASAP
• Samples should contain at least 25 full-length
  hairs taken from different areas of the pubic
  region

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• Characteristics
• Course wiry in appearance
• Considerable diameter variation or buckling
  (twisting of hair shaft)
• Often have a continuous to discontinuous medulla
• Tapered tips are common, but these hairs may also
  be abraded or cut

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Hair showing buckling
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Facial Hairs

• More commonly called beard or mustache hairs
• Characteristics
• Coarse in appearance
• Have a triangular cross section
• Heavy shouldering or troughs are observed under
  magnification
• Wide medulla
• Razor cut tip

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• Significance of association of facial hairs may
  not be as great as head pubic hair associations

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Limb Hairs

• Hairs from legs arms
• Characteristics
• Shorter in length, arc-like shape, often abraded
  or tapered at tips, pigment is generally granular
  in appearance, medulla is trace to discontinuous
• Not routinely compared in forensic lab
• There are differences b/t individuals, but
  theyre not considered sufficient to allow limb
  hairs to be of value for meaningful comparison

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Fringe Hairs

• Hair originating from areas of the body outside
  those specifically designated as head or pubic
• Not suitable for significant comparison purposes
• Examples
• Neck, sideburns, abdomen, upper leg back

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Other body area hairs

• Not routinely compared
• Presence may help corroborate information
  obtained during an investigation (just like limb
  fringe hairs)
• Examples
• Axillary (underarm), chest, eye, nose

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Racial Determination

• Head hairs are best for determining race
• Head hair from infants can be difficult to
  analyze
• Also, hairs from individuals of mixed racial
  ancestry may possess microscopic characteristic
  attributed to more than one racial group

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• Caucasoid (European)
• Fine to medium courseness
• Generally straight or wavy in appearance
• Colors range from blonde to brown to black
• Hair shafts vary from round to oval in cross
  section
• Have fine to medium sized, evenly distributed
  pigment granules

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• Mongoloid (Asian)
• Regularly coarse
• straight
• circular in x-section
• Wider diameter than other racial groups
• Cuticle is usually significantly thicker than
  that of Negroid or Caucasian hairs
• Medulla is continuous wide
• Cortex contains pigment granules that are
  generally larger in size compared to Caucasian
  hairs
• Have characteristic red appearance

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• Negroid (African)
• Regularly curly or kinky
• Flattened x-section
• Can appear as curly, wavy or coiled
• Pigment granules are larger than those in
  Mongoloid Caucasian
• Pigments are grouped in clumps of different
  shapes sizes
• Density of pigment in cortex may be so great as
  to make hair opaque
• Shaft has variation or apparent variation in
  diameter
• Buckling can be present
• Hair shaft frequently splits along the lenght

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Age Sex

• Age of individual cannot be determined
  definitively by microscopic examination of hair
• However, appearance of certain hairs, such as
  those of infants elderly individuals, may
  provide a general age
• How?
• Infant hair is generally finer less distinctive
  in appearance
• As one ages, hair can undergo pigment loss
  changes in configuration of hair shaft to become
  much finer more vaiable in diameter

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• Sex of individual is difficult to determine
• However, longer treated hairs are more frequently
  encountered in females
• If hair is forcibly remove, sex can be determined
  using follicular tag

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Treatment Removal

• Presence of dyes or rinses can be identified
  through microscopic examination of hair
• Head hairs grow at the rate of 1cm/month
• Approximate time of treatment can be determined
  by measuring the length of untreated area
• Direct, side-by-side comparison of color of
  question known artifically treated hairs is
  typically conducted by hair examiner

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Biological or Environmental Alterations

• When hairs originated from a body in a state of
  decomposition, a dark band may appear near the
  root of the hair
• Called postmortem root band

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Conclusions

• Several possible conclusions which can be reached
  from examination comparison of human hair
• Questioned hair exhibits same microscopic
  characteristics as know hair is consistent
  w/originating from source of known hairs
• Questioned hair is microscopically dissimilar to
  hairs found in known sample cannot be
  associated to the source of known hairs
• Similarities slight differences were observed
  b/t questioned hair known hair sample. No
  conclusion could be reached as to whether the
  questioned hair originated from same source as
  known hairs

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• When a hair exhibits same microscopic
  characteristics as hairs in known sample, a
  qualifying statement may be added
• Hair comparisons are not a basis for absolute
  personal identification. It sould be noted,
  however, that because it is unusual to find hairs
  from 2 different individuals that exhibit the
  same microscopic characteristics, a microscopic
  association or match is the basis for a strong
  association

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Significance of Hair Evidence

• Depends on method of collection
• Processing techniques used
• Methodology of hair examination
• Experience of hair examiner
• Head pubic hairs are generally viewed as more
  significant than hairs from other body areas

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• Certain case situations affect significance of
  identifying hairs
• When a family member possibly involved in crime
• Location, , condition (forcibly pulled or burnt)
• Involvement of victims associates
• Dates, coworkers, other people who may have
  logical contact w/or access to victim /or crime
  scene
• Situations involving strangers have greatest
  significance

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Hair affected by burning
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Textile fibers

• Can place a suspect at the crime scene
• Fibers can be exchanged between 2 individuals,
  between an individual an object, between 2
  objects

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Importance of fiber matched to a crime scene

• When fibers are matched w/specific source, a
  value is placed on that association
• Value is dependent on
• type of fiber
• Location of fibers at crime scene or on victim
• of different fibers at crime scene
• of different fibers on the victim that match
  clothing of suspect

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Fiber Evidence

• Fiber smallest unit of textile
• Length much greater than diameter
• Can be naturally occurring or synthetic
• Can be spun w/other fibers to form a yarn that
  can be woven or knitted to form a fabric

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Fiber Evidence

• The quality of the fiber evidence depends on the
  ability of the criminalist to identify the origin
  of the fiber or at least be able to narrow the
  possibilities to a limited number of sources.
• Obviously, if the examiner is presented with
  fabrics that can be exactly fitted together at
  their torn edges, it is a virtual certainty that
  the fabrics were of common origin.

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Fiber Evidence

• Microscopic comparisons between questioned and
  standard/reference fibers are initially
  undertaken for color and diameter
  characteristics, using a comparison microscope.
• Other morphological features that could be
  important in comparing fibers are
• Lengthwise striations on the surface of the fiber
• The presence of delustering particles that reduce
  shine
• The cross-sectional shape of the fiber
• Compositional differences may exist in the dyes
  that were applied to the fibers during the
  manufacturing process.

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Transfer of Fiber

• Factors affecting transfer of fiber

• Type of fiber
• Length
• Type of spinning method
• Type of fabric construction
• Can be transferred from
• Clothing
• Carpets
• Bed
• Furniture

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• Can be transferred directly (primary) or
  indirectly (secondary)
• primary occurs when a fiber is transferred from a
  fabric directly onto a victims clothing
• Secondary occurs when already transferred fibers
  on clothing of suspect transfer to clothing of a
  victim

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Contact doesnt always transfer fibers

• Certain fabrics do not shed well (donor garment)
• Some fabrics dont retain fibers well (recipient
  garments)
• Factors affecting retention
• Construction composition of fabric
• Duration force of contact
• Condition of garment w/regard to damage

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Methods For Fiber Comparison

• The visible light microspectrophotometer is a
  convenient way for analysts to compare the colors
  of fibers through spectral patterns.
• A more detailed analysis of the fibers dye
  composition can be obtained through a
  chromatographic separation.
• Infrared spectrophotometry is a rapid and
  reliable method for identifying the generic class
  of fibers, as does the polarizing microscope.
• Depending on the class of fiber, each polarized
  plane of light will have a characteristic index
  of refraction.

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Collection and Preservation

• The investigators task of looking for minute
  strands of fibers often becomes one of
  identifying and preserving potential carriers
  of fiber evidence.
• Relevant articles of clothing should be packaged
  carefully in separate paper bags.
• If it is necessary to remove a fiber from an
  object, the investigator must use clean forceps,
  place it in a small sheet of paper, fold and
  label the paper, and place the paper packet
  inside another container.

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Types of Fibers

• Natural fibers are derived in whole from animal
  or plant sources.
• Examples wool, mohair, cashmere, furs, and
  cotton.
• Man-made fibers are manufactured.
• Regenerated fibers are manufactured from natural
  raw materials and include rayon, acetate, and
  triacetate.
• Synthetic fibers are produced solely from
  synthetic chemicals and include nylons,
  polyesters, and acrylics.
• Polymers, or macromolecules, are synthetic fibers
  composed of a large number of atoms arranged in
  repeating units known as monomers.

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Natural Fibers

• Originate from plants or animals
• Common plant fibers
• Cotton, flax (linen), ramie, rayon, sisal, jute,
  hemp, kapok (silky-cotton like substance), coir
  (coconut fibers)
• Common animal Fibers
• Wool (usually from sheep), camel, alpaca,
  cashmere, mohair
• End use of sheeps wool dictates fineness or
  coarseness of fibers
• Finer fibers used in clothing
• Coarser fibers found in carpet
• Fiber diameter degree of scale protrusion are
  important characteristics

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Cotton fibers
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Wool fibers
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Flax fibers Ramie fibers
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Kapok fibers Hemp fibers
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Cotton- Hemp Blend
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Synthetic Fibers

• More than ½ of all fibers used in production of
  textile materials are synthetic
• Polyester, nylon, acrylics,acetates
• Some originate from natural materials such as
  cotton or wood
• Amount of production of particular synthetic
  fiber its use influence the degree of rarity of
  a given fiber

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• Shape of synthetic fiber can determine the value
  placed on the fiber

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Cross section of synthetic fibers
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Cross section of different nylon fibers
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Fiber Color

• Influences value given to a particular fiber
  identification
• Often several dyes are used to give a fiber a
  desired color
• Individual fibers can be colored prior to being
  spun into yarn
• Yarns can be dyed , fabrics made from them can
  be dyed

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• Color can be applied to surface of fabric as in
  printed fabrics
• How color is applied absorbed along length of
  fiber are important comparison charateristics
• Color-fading discoloration can also lend
  increased value to a fiber association

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Fiber Number Location

• of fibers on clothing of a victim identified as
  matching clothing of suspect is important in
  determining actual contact
• Greater the of fibers, the more likely that
  contact actually occurred
• Location of fibers on different areas of body or
  on specific items at scene influences the
  significance of the fiber association

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Fabric Type

• How fabric is constructed affects the types
  of fibers that may be transferred during contact
• Tightly woven or knitted fabrics shed less than
  loosely knit or woven fabrics
• Fabrics composed of filament yarns shed less than
  fabrics composed of spun yarns.
• Age of fabric affects degree of transfer
• Newer fabrics may shed more readily because of an
  abundance of loosely adhering fibers on surface
• Worn fabrics may have damaged areas that easily
  shed fibers
• Damage to fabric caused during physical contact
  greatly increases the likelihood of fiber
  transfer

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Fabric Source Determination

• It is not possible to say positively that a fiber
  originated from a particular fabric
• inability to positively associate a fiber w/a
  source in no way diminishes the significance of a
  fiber association

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• Its very helpful to know frequency of occurrence
  f a particular fabric fiber, or how many
  fabrics w/a particular fiber type color exist,
  as well as who owns them
• If manufacture is known, possibility exists that
  of fabric units produced could also be obtained

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• Once a particular fiber of a certain type, shape,
  color is produced becomes part of a fabric,
  it occupies an extremely small portion of the
  fiber/fabric composition
• Exception white cotton blue cotton fibers
  (blue jeans)

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Fiber Transfer Persistence

• Depends on type of fabric, nature duration of
  contact
• Transferred fibers are usually lost rather
  quickly depends on type of fabric movement
  after contact
• Clothing of homicide victim would tend to retain
  transferred fiber for a longer period because
  victim is not moving

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• EMS, medical examiners investigators must
  handle victims clothing carefully to minimize
  fiber loss
• Fibers will be lost is if victim/suspect moves
  about, brush the clothing or wash it

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• Nature of contact
• Can determine the of fibers transferred value
  placed on their discovery
• Violent physical contact of an extended duration
  will very often result in numerous fiber
  transfers
• Multiple fiber associations
• Multiple fiber types found on different items of
  clothing or fabric from suspect, victim, or scene
  greatly increase the likelihood that contact
  occurred between those individuals the scene
• Each associated fiber is considered to be an
  independent event
• Multiple associations undermine a coincidence
  defense

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Fiber Evidence Assigning Significance

• Matching dyed synthetic fibers or dyed natural
  fibers can be very meaningful
• Whereas, matching of common fibers, such as white
  cotton or blue denim cotton would be less
  significant
• Discovery of cross transfers multiple fiber
  transfers between suspects clothing victims
  clothing dramatically increasesthe likelihood
  that these 2 individuals had physical contact

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• When a fiber examiner matches a questions fiber
  to a know item of clothing, there are only two
  possible explanations
• Fiber actually originated from the item of
  clothing
• Fiber did not originate from the item of clothing

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• In order to say that the fiber originated from
  the item of clothing
• the clothing either had to be the only fabric of
  its type ever produced or still remaining on
  earth
• Or the transfer of biers was directly observed

• therefore, fibers examiners will conclude
  that the fibers could have originated from the
  clothing or that the fibers are consistent
  with originating from the clothing

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• Only way to say that a fiber did not originate
  from a particular item of clothing is to know the
  actual history of the garment or to have actually
  observed the fiber transfer from another garment

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Paint

• Paint spread onto a surface will dry into a hard
  film that can best be described as consisting of
  pigments and additives suspended in the binder.
• One of the most common types of paint examined in
  the crime laboratory involves finishes emanating
  from automobiles.
• Automobile manufacturers normally apply a variety
  of coatings to the body of an automobile.
• These coatings may include electrocoat primer,
  primer surfacer, basecoat, and clearcoat.

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Methods For Paint Comparison

• The wide diversity of automotive paint
  contributes to the forensic significance of an
  automobile paint comparison.
• Questioned and known specimens are best compared
  side by side under a stereoscopic microscope for
  color, surface texture, and color layer sequence.
  
• Pyrolysis gas chromatography and infrared
  spectrophotometry are invaluable techniques for
  distinguishing most paint binder formulations,
  adding further significance to a forensic paint
  comparison.
• Crime laboratories are often asked to identify
  the make and model of a car from a small amount
  of paint and will make use of color charts for
  automobile finishes.

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Collection and Preservation

• Paint chips are most likely found on or near
  persons or objects involved in hit-and-run
  incidents.
• Paper druggist folds and glass or plastic vials
  make excellent containers for paint.
• Paint smeared or embedded in garments or objects
  require the whole item to be packaged and sent to
  the laboratory.
• Uncontaminated standard/reference paint must
  always be collected.
• Tools used to gain entry into buildings or safes
  often contain traces of paint, requiring the tool
  be collected, along with reference paint samples.

HAIR FIBERS AND PAINT