AP

1
AP Üro Review
2
2010 Scores
5 13,007 12.7
4 18,854 18.4
3 35,432 34.5
2 11,543 11.2
1 23,793 23.2
Total 102,629 Ave. 2.86
3 or Higher 67,293 65.6
3

• Exam last 3 Hours and 5 Minutes
• 55 Minutes for 80 Multiple Choice Questions
• 130 minutes for 3 essays
• 60 minute Document Based Question
• Mandatory 15 minutes for Reading Evaluating
  Documents
• 45 minutes for writing
• 35 Minutes for Free Response Essay Question
• 5 minutes for planning
• 30minutes for writing
• 35 Minutes for Free Response Essay Question
• Same

4

• Multiple-choice 80 questions, measuring the
  students knowledge from High Renaissance-present.
  
• ½ of the questions are from the period 1450 to
  the French Revolutionary Napoleonic era.
• ½ are from the French Revolutionary Napoleonic
  era to the present.
• Questions covering the 19th century the 20th
  century are divided evenly (approximately 25
  percent of the total number of questions for each
  century)
• 1/3 of the questions focus on cultural
  intellectual themes
• 1/3 focus on political diplomatic themes
• 1/3 focus on social economic themes.

5

• Questions fall into 6 basic categories
• Identification (45 of the test) - facts
• NOT/EXCEPT (10 of the test)-choose the answer
  that is incorrect
• Analytical (20-25 of the test) - relationships,
  see connections, place in order
• Quotation Based (10 or less of the test) - match
  the quote with the appropriate person
• Image Interpretation (10 or less of the test) -
  determine images relevance, purpose, or meaning
• Map/Graph/Chart Based (10 or less of the test) -
  identify what a map/data shows, or interpret it's
  purpose

6

• Grading
• 80 Multiple Choice Questions 1/2 Score
• ¼ point penalty for guessing has been eliminated
• Within the free-response section, the DBQ essay
  is weighted 45 percent the two FRQ essays
  together are weighted 55 percent
• For the total exam score, the multiple-choice
  the free-response sections are weighted equally

7

• Testing Verbs
• 1.Analyze determine the component parts examine
  their nature and relationship.
• Analyze the major social and technological
  changes that took place in European warfare
  between 1789 and 1871.
• 2.Assess/Evaluate judge the value or character
  of something appraise evaluate the positive
  points and the negative ones give an opinion
  regarding the value of discuss the advantages
  and disadvantages of. Luther was both a
  revolutionary and a conservative. Evaluate this
  statement with respect to Luthers responses to
  the political and social questions of his day.
• 3.Compare examine for the purpose of noting
  similarities and differences.
• Compare the rise to power of fascism in Italy
  and in Germany.

8

• 4.Contrast examine in order to show
  dissimilarities or points of difference.
• Contrast the ways in which European skilled
  artisans of the mid-eighteenth century and
  European factory workers of the late nineteenth
  century differed in their work behavior and in
  their attitudes toward work.
• 5.Describe give an account of tell about give
  a word picture of.
• Describe and analyze how overseas expansion by
  European states affected global trade and
  international relations from 1600 to 1715.
• 6.Discuss talk over write about consider or
  examine by argument or from various points of
  view debate present the different sides of.
• Discuss the extent to which nineteenth-century
  Romanticism was or was not a conservative
  cultural and intellectual movement.

9

• AP European M.C. Exam follows 3 major themes
• Intellectual Cultural 1/3 of questions
• Political Diplomatic 1/3 of questions
• Social Economic 1/3 of questions
• Clusters of questions
• Key Terms, Key Treaties Agreements, Key,
  Intellectual Figures
• Russian History, Renaissance, Reformation, French
  Revolution, womens history, Cold War
• For example Karl Marx, the Edict of Nantes,
  mercantilism have appear on almost every test
• Keep a general timeline not specific dates

10
Unit 1Chapters 1-5
11

• Late Middle Ages
• The Black Death
• The Hundred Years War
• Rise of nationalism in France England
• Ecclesiastical power
• Unam Sanctum 1302 Pope Boniface VIII
• Avignon Papacy Great Schism
• John Wycliffe Jan Hus
• Kievan Rus

12

• FRQ
• Discuss the pre-existing conditions that
  contributed to the Black Death during the late
  Middle Ages.
• Compare the experiences of peasants and artisans
  in the aftermath of the Bubonic Plague.

13

• Renaissance
• Treaty of Lodi Defined Northern Italy borders
• Florence
• Cosimo de Medici, Lorenzo de Medici
• Girolamo Savonarola
• Humanism
• Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio
• Machiavellis The Prince is often asked
• Quotations sometimes used
• Machiavellis cynical view of human nature
  ruthless pragmatic advice

14

• Renaissance Discovery
• Art
• Chiaroscuro, linear perspective, triangles/
  pyramid configuration, Classical forms combined
  with Christian subjects
• Artists
• Focus on key masterpieces that illustrate
  Renaissance ideals the impact of humanism
• Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa
• Raphael School of Athens
• Michelangelo - David

15

• Northern Renaissance
• Low Countries, France, England, Germany
• Christian humanists
• Far more concerned with religious piety than
  Italian counter
• Literature
• Gutenberg, Erasmus, Thomas More
• Impact of the printing press on European life
  thought
• Freedom of expression, spread of information,
  challenged authorities

16

• Northern Renaissance
• Art
• First to use perfect oil painting
• More detail
• Artists
• Albrecht Dürer, Jan Van Eyck

17

• FRQ
• Compare the northern Renaissance with the Italian
  Renaissance in terms of scholarly, literary, and
  artistic production.
• Discuss the importance of the printing press on
  the Northern Renaissance.
• To what extent did the women of Europe experience
  the Renaissance ?

18

• Age of Exploration
• Explorers
• Henry the Navigator, Diaz, da Gama, Columbus,
  Vespucci, Magellan
• Columbian Exchange many questions
• Agricultural products, animals, diseases, human
  populations involved in the exchange
• Effects of the exchange on European population
  economy.
• Economics Putting-out system, Joint-stock
  Companies, mercantilism

19

• Protestant Reformation
• The Great Schism
• Resolved by Council of Constance 1414
• Sale of indulgences, nepotism, simony, clerical
  immorality, absenteeism
• German Peasants War
• Peace of Augsburg 1555 cuius regio, eius
  religio
• Protestant Leaders
• Martin Luther
• Ulrich Zwingli
• John Calvin
• Thomas Müntzer - Anabaptists

20

• Protestant Reformation
• Focus on Luthers 95 Theses his dramatic stand
  against indulgences
• Also, keep in mind Luthers response to the
  German Peasants War
• Sometimes used as an essay topic
• Social political consequences of the Protestant
  Reformation

21

• English Reformation
• Sir Thomas More
• Henry VIII
• Thomas Cranmer
• Thomas Cromwell
• Edward VI
• Counter-Reformation
• Charles V HRE
• Council of Trent 1545-1563
• Jesuits Ignatius Loyola

22

• FRQ
• Consider what family life was like in early
  modern Europe during the Reformation. Focus on
  marriage, family size, birth control, education,
  and childcare.
• Defend or refute this statement The Protestant
  Reformation was a unified movement of dissent
  against the Roman Catholic Church.
• Compare contrast the policies of the Catholic
  Church before and after the Council of Trent.

23

• Philip II rules Spain, Spanish Netherlands
• English Queen Elizabeth I assists the Dutch with
  troops
• Spanish Armada set to invade England
• Sir Francis Drake defeats the Armada
• Spanish influence declines, England rises

24

• French Religious Wars
• Huguenots
• St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572
• The Politiques moderates of both religious
  faiths - Huguenots Catholics
• Henry Navarre
• Edict of Nantes Know the terms
• The Thirty Years War 1618-1648
• Protestant League, Catholic League
• Peace of Westphalia 1648
• Consequences Decline of HRE the delay of
  German unification, independent Netherlands

25

• FRQ
• Describe the experience of the Huguenots in 17th
  century France.
• Analyze some of the existing conditions that led
  to the Thirty Years War.
• Analyze the achievements disappointments of the
  Thirty Years War.

26

• 17th Century
• Economy Dutch Republic
• Amsterdam Europes leading commercial center
  during the 17th Century
• English Civil War
• Focus on causes consequences of the changing
  relationships between the monarchy Parliament
• Glorious Revolution
• Constitutional Monarchy English Bill of Rights

27

• Age of Absolutism
• Henry Navarre
• Nobles of the Robe, Nobles of the Sword
• Louis XIII
• Cardinal Richelieu
• The Intendant system weaken the nobility
• Louis XIV
• Cardinal Mazarin
• The Fronde uprising
• Intendant system the Fronde generate many
  questions

28

• Age of Absolutism
• Louis XIV the Sun King
• "L'État, c'est moi" ("I am the State")
• War of Spanish Succession
• Treaty of Utrecht 1713
• Hapsburg Austria
• Rise of Prussia
• Pragmatic Sanction Maria Theresa
• Rise of Russia Romanov dynasty
• Peter the Great modernization programs generate
  numerous questions

29
Unit 2Chapters 6-10
30

• Scientific Revolution
• Old assumptions geocentric
• Aristotle Ptolemy
• Catholic Church
• New Heliocentric - Copernicus
• Tycho Brahe Kepler planetary motion
• Galileo
• Scientific Method - Sir Francis Bacon Descartes
• Physical Laws Newton
• AP Euro exam expects you to discuss how pivotal
  figures of the Scientific Revolution adopted a
  new view of nature that challenged long held
  views of the relationship between humanity the
  universe.

31

• The Enlightenment
• The Philosophes
• Dedicated to exposing social problems proposing
  reforms based upon implementing natural laws.
• Main ideas Reason, Natural laws, Happiness,
  Progress, Liberty, Toleration.
• Deism
• Voltaire, Diderot, Montesquieu, Rousseau
• Voltaire Rousseau generate the most questions.
• Understand
• Voltaire supported religious toleration
  opposed superstition ignorance.
• Rousseau concept of the general will views of
  education (Emile)

32

• The Enlightenment
• Economic
• French Physiocrats first to question
  mercantilism
• Suggested laissez-faire policies of government
• Adam Smith Wealth of Nations
• Laissez-faire
• Free markets
• Self interest the invisible guiding hand
• Students may be asked to compare the economic
  policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert Adam Smith
• Colbert supports mercantilism to strengthen
  France.

33

• FRQ
• Evaluate the political, social , cultural
  reforms Enlightenment thinkers sought in 18th
  century European society.
• Discuss the attitudes of Enlightenment thinkers
  towards organized religion.

34

• Rivalries 1740-1763
• Great Britain prospers
• Colonization trade, Robert Walpole 1st PM
• France - Louis XV, prosperity continues, but debt
  continues to mount
• 7 Years War 1756-1763 Treaty of Paris 1763
• Prussia Hohenzollerns
• Austria Hapsburgs
• War of Austrian Succession 1740-1748
• Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

35

• Enlightened Despots
• Divine-right monarchy evolved into enlightened
  despotism
• Urged by the philosophes to use absolute rule for
  the good of the people
• Combat ignorance superstition
• Promote religious toleration
• George III England
• Louis XV France
• Both had little or no interest in either the
  philosophes or concept of enlightened despotism

36

• Enlightened Despots
• Catherine the Great 1762-1796
• Reforms
• Supported Russias first private printing presses
• Restricted use of torture
• Permitted toleration to Jewish communities
• Commissioned new enlightened law code
• Nobles refused
• Pugachevs Rebellion 1773-1775
• Territorial expansion into Ottoman Polish lands

37

• Enlightened Despots
• Frederick the Great 1740-1786
• Reforms
• Supported scientific agriculture
• Prepared a unified national code of law
• Abolished torture
• Encouraged immigration by Huguenots Jews into
  Prussia
• Strengthened Junkers
• Students are often asked to make comparisons
  between Peter the Great Frederick the Great
  goals policies

38

• Enlightened Despots
• Joseph II 1780-1790
• Reforms
• Abolished serfdom feudal dues
• Abolished forced labor
• Religious toleration for Christians Jews
• Reduced influence of the church
• Reformed judicial system
• Abolished torture ended the death penalty
• Nobles bitterly opposed reforms
• Most policies repealed following death of Joseph

39

• FRQ
• Enlightened despots have generated MC FRQs.
• Discuss the extent to which Catherine the Great,
  Frederick the Great, Joseph II succeeded
  failed as Enlightened despots.

40

• Agricultural Revolution
• Innovations in the Low Countries
• Enclosed fields
• Use of manure as fertilizer
• Planting variety of crops
• Drainage to reclaim marshes for farmland
• England
• Charles Townshend crop rotation
• Jethro Tull seed drill
• Robert Blakewell selective livestock breeding
• Enclosure system England the Low Countries
• Successfully resisted in France Germany

41

• 18th Century
• Population growth
• List factors
• Marriage family life in the 18th century
• Rise fall of Witchcraft
• AP Euro exam important to remember that
  witchcraft trial executions most often affected
  elderly widows mid-wives. Know the reasons for
  the growth decline of witchcraft.

42

• Industrial Revolution
• England
• Textiles
• Spinning Jenny, the Water Frame, the Steam
  Engine, increased iron production.
• The Growth of Cities
• Jewish populations the age of the Ghetto in
  Eastern Europe.

43

• FRQ
• Consider how popular consumption was affected by
  the Industrial Revolution the shift of
  populations to urban centers.
• Describe some of the ways in which the Industrial
  Revolution transformed the workplace for women.

44

• Trans-Atlantic Economy Revolution
• The Treaty of Utrecht 1713
• Colonies
• Americas, West Indies, Indian subcontinent
• Spanish colonial system
• African Slavery, the Plantation System
• War of Jenkins Ear
• Seven Years War 1756-1763
• Treaty of Paris 1763
• American Revolution 1775-1781
• Treaty of Paris 1783

45

• FRQ
• Discuss how slavery was linked to the economies
  of Europe, the Americas, Africa.
• To what extent was the War of the American
  Revolution a European conflict?

46

• French Revolutions 1789-1815
• Ancien Regime
• 3 Estates
• Peasant distress
• Government debt
• Aristocratic resistance
• Royal weakness
• Estates General
• Tennis Court Oath
• The National Assembly
• Declaration of the Rights of Man Citizen
• Rights of women

47

• French Revolutions 1789-1815
• Womens March on Versailles
• Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• The Legislative Assembly
• San-culottes, Jacobins Girondists goals
• Declaration of Pilnitz
• September Massacres
• The National Convention
• Execution of Louis XVI Marie Antoinette
• European reaction
• Reign of Terror
• Termidorian Reaction

48

• French Revolutions 1789-1815
• The Directory the rise of Napoleon
• First Consul
• The Napoleonic Code
• The Concordant of 1801
• Napoleonic Empire 1804
• Submission of Europe Battle of Austerlitz
• Battle of Trafalgar
• Confederation of the Rhine
• The Continental System the Fall of Napoleon
• Focus on the impact Napoleons conquests had on
  spreading nationalism in dissolving the HRE.

49

• FRQ
• To what extent was the Third Estate responsible
  for altering the course of the French government?
• Analyze the political, economic, social factors
  that helped bring about the French Revolution as
  well as those that led to its downfall.

50

• Restoration
• Forces of the Past
• Traditional
• Monarchy, Aristocracy, Church, Patriarchal family
• Conservatism-belief that tradition is essential
  any change should be gradual
• Forces of the Future
• Industrialization
• Liberalism-belief in govt protection of
  citizens natural rights
• Nationalism-belief that a nation consists of
  people sharing traditions, history, language

51

• Restoration
• Congress of Vienna
• Prince Klemens von Metternich
• Principle of Legitimacy
• Balance of Power
• Territorial settlements
• Evaluation
• Concert of Europe
• Quadruple Alliance
• Reaction
• Young Germans protest Metternich issues
  Carlsbad Decrees
• Russia Decembrist Revolt 1825

52

• Romanticism
• Reaction to Enlightenment Reason
• Key Primacy of Emotion
• Inspired by the power majesty of nature
• Comparison Enlightenment vs. Romanticism
• E mechanical view of the universe human nature
• Rejected faith, sought reason to explain
  relationships
• R belief in a loving, personal God, stressed
  emotions, inner faith, religious inspiration
• Writers William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor
  Coleridge, Johan Wolfgang von Goethe, Victor
  Hugo, Brothers Grimm
• Artists Friedrich Wanderer above the Mist,
  Francisco Goya The Third of May 1808
• Composers Beethoven, Wagner

53

• Romanticism
• Writers
• William Wordsworth Prelude
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge Rhime of the Ancient
  Mariner
• Johan Wolfgang von Goethe - Faust
• Victor Hugo The Hunchback of Notre Dame
• Brothers Grimm - Grimms Fairy Tales
• Artists
• Friedrich Wanderer above the Mist
• Francisco Goya The Third of May 1808
• Composers
• Beethoven Ninth Symphony
• Richard Wagner The Ring of Nibelung

54

• FRQ
• Analyze the differences between nationalism,
  conservatism, liberalism as these ideologies
  were expressed in the early 19th century.
• Using examples from the works of at least two
  English Romantics, describe the philosophy of the
  Romantic movement in literature.
• Many AP Euro questions are generated for
  Romanticism, its comparison to Enlightenment
  ideals

55

• Industrial Revolutions
• 1st - 1700-1800 textiles, iron, coal steam,
  railroads
• Creation of the factory system
• Division of labor
• Increased demand, lower wages
• Social changes urbanization, pace of life,
  standardization of work, heightened class
  consciousness
• 2nd - 1820-1900 steel, electricity, oil,
  gasoline, chemicals
• Communication

56

• Industrial Revolutions
• Reactions
• Thomas Malthus population
• David Ricardo wages
• Luddites
• Early labor unions
• Robert Owen utopian socialism
• Marx Engels Communist Manifesto
• Marxism is one of the most frequently tested
  topics. Quotes concepts are often posed.
• Ex. Class conflict, dictatorship of the
  proletariat, classless society

57

• Liberal Reform
• England
• The Reform Bill of 1832
• Repeal of the Corn Laws
• The Chartist Movement
• Feminists
• Suffragette Movement
• Emmeline Pankhurst
• France
• Revolution of 1830
• Charles X overthrown
• Louis Phillipe elected Citizen King

58

• Science Art
• Louis Pasteur
• Robert Koch
• Joseph Lister
• Charles Darwin
• Theory of Evolution
• Social Darwinism
• Art
• Impressionism
• Cubism

59

• Revolutions of 1848
• Causes
• Conservatives responding to industrialization
  socialization
• Working class radicals middle class liberals
• Nationalists in France, Germany, Austria, Italy
• Widespread crop failures
• Key points
• France Louis Philippe's govt collapsed, Louis
  Napoleon elected, Second Republic established
• Revolutions of 1848 failed internal divisions, a
  lack of popular support outside the cities, and
  the continued strength of conservative order
• Peaceful reforms enabled England to avoid revolts
• Repressive policies stifled reform in Russia

60

• FRQ
• Consider various forms of 19th century prison
  reform.
• Discuss the continuities changes in societal
  roles for women during the Second Industrial
  Revolution.

61

• Crimean War
• Causes
• Weakness of the Ottoman Empire
• Fighting for control over territories held by the
  Ottomans
• Austria threatened by Russian expansion
• B F opposed changes in regional balance of
  power
• Consequences
• Russia suffers humiliating defeat
• Tsar Alexander II launches ambitious reforms
• Emancipation of the serfs
• Creation of zemstvos

62

• Unification
• Italy
• Revolutionaries Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi
• Victor Emmanuel rules conquered areas
• Problems economic differences between rich north
  poor south
• Heavy Debt
• Germany
• Prussian leadership William I, Otto von Bismarck
  realpolitik, Blood iron
• War with Denmark
• War with Austria
• War with France
• Declaration of the German Empire
• Reaction Austria-Hungary unite Dual Monarchy

63

• France
• The Paris Commune 1871
• The Dreyfus Affair
• Emile Zola JAccuse!
• England
• William Gladstone Benjamin Disraeli
• The Irish question
• Russia Nicholas II
• Bloody Sunday
• Revolution of 1905
• October Manifesto
• Bolsheviks Mensheviks
• Germany
• William II

64

• FRQ
• Explain how anti-Semitism developed, despite
  advancements made by Western European Jews
  following the French Revolution.
• Describe the steps taken by feminists in the late
  19th century early 20th century. What issues
  did they tackle what was the outcome? Were they
  successful in their causes?

65
Unit 3Chapters 11-15
66

• Imperialism
• Old
• 16th 17th centuries
• Dutch, Spanish, English, French colonialism
• Coastal Africa, Indian, Indonesia, the Americas
• New
• Beginning in the 1870s
• Direct economic political control over Africa
  Asia
• Scramble for Africa, Berlin Conference
• British Raj in India
• Only Liberia Ethiopia remained independent

67

• Imperialism
• Motives
• New sources of raw materials new markets
• Power prestige
• Social Darwinism
• Christian missionaries civilizing mission
• Consequences
• Damaged or destroyed native cultures
• Created global economy
• Intensified European rivalries

68

• FRQ
• Analyze the causes effects of the European
  Imperialism of the 19th century.

69

• WWI
• March towards war
• Germany the new Balance of Power
• Britain France out produced by German industry
• Sharp increase in German population
• Bismarcks network of Alliances
• Austria-Hungary Italy (Triple Alliance) 1887
  treaty with Russia
• William II One master of the Reich
• Reaction
• 1894 Franco-Russian Alliance
• Britain abandons splendid isolation policy
• Formation of the Triple Entente

70

• WWI
• Balkan Powder Keg
• Ottomans power decreases
• Nationalism rising
• Pan-Slavism (with Russian support)
• 1908 Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia Herzegovina
• Spark
• June 28, 1914 Gavrilo Princip assassination of
  Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo
• Germanys Blank Check to Austria-Hungary

71

• WWI
• Aspects of war
• The Schlieffen Plan
• Stalemate (Trench Warfare)
• War Technologies
• Total War
• The role of Women
• All Quiet On The Western Front
• Russian Revolution
• End of Romanov Rule
• The Provisional Government
• Lenin the Bolshevik Revolution
• The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Civil War

72

• WWI
• The Peace Settlement
• American intervention
• William II abdicates
• 11-11-1918 Armistice
• Wilsons 14 Points
• The Paris Peace Conference
• The Treaty of Versailles
• German War Guilt
• Germany loses 13 of its land
• German territories in Africa the Pacific
  mandated to Britain, France, Japan
• Poland gains independence
• German army limited to 100K, no war industry
  allowed
• Demilitarization of the Rhine

73

• WWI
• New Map of Europe
• Austria-Hungary dissolved, Hapsburg monarchy
  eliminated
• Creation of Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia
• Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania emerged
• Elimination of Monarchies in Austria-Hungary,
  Germany, Russia
• The Paris Peace Conference
• Created the League of Nations
• Created a legacy of bitterness between both the
  victors the defeated

74

• FRQ
• The AP Euro test devotes few questions to the
  extreme details of the events that led to the
  outbreak of WWI.
• Spend the majority of time studying the
  consequences of the war for the countries
  involved.
• Lenins pivotal role in the Russian Revolution
  has generated a significant number of MC
  questions. Be sure to study Lenins key ideas.
• Often, comparisons will be made between Lenins
  power leadership with the weakness of Tsar
  Nicholas II Alexander Kerensky.

75
Unit 4Chapters 16 17
76

• Impact of WWI
• Caused unprecedented death destruction
• Overthrew established monarchies social orders
• Led many people to question the optimistic belief
  in reason, progress, individual rights
• Uncertainties
• Widespread feeling of disillusionment,
  uncertainty, anxiety
• New doubts about the ability of individuals to
  control their lives
• An intellectual crisis that affected every field
  of thought

77

• Modern Philosophy
• Friedrich Nietzsche 1844-1900
• Expressed contempt for middle-class morality
• Saying that it led to a false shallow existence
• Argued that conventional notions of good evil
  are only relevant for the ordinary person
• Rejected reason embraced the irrational
• Believed that the will to power of a few heroic
  super men could successfully restructure the
  world
• Existentialism
• Reason science are incapable of providing
  insight into the human condition
• God, reason, progress are myths humans live in
  a hostile world, alone isolated
• A person is the sum of their actions choices

78

• Modern Philosophy
• Albert Einstein 1879-1955
• Theory of Relativity E  mc2
• Energy mass x the square of the speed of light
• Energy mass are interchangeable
• The foundation for the development of nuclear
  power
• Implications
• The universe has few certainties
• Everything is relevant or dependent on the
  observers frame of reference
• Upsets the optimistic view that the universe was
  predictable orderly

79

• Modern Philosophy
• Sigmund Freud 1856-1939
• Believed the human psyche includes three distinct
  parts id, superego, the ego
• Id inborn sexual aggressive urges
• Superego acts as a conscience seeking to repress
  the id. Drives desires into the subconscious,
  which is irrational recognizes no ethical
  restrictions
• Ego the center of reason. Attempts to find
  balance between the id superego
• Freuds theories
• Undermined the Enlightenments belief in human
  rationalism
• Had significant influence on modern art
  literature

80

• Searching for International Order
• Problems
• Germany resented the Versailles Treatys harsh
  terms
• The United States rejected the Versailles Treaty
  followed a policy of isolation
• France was determined to enforce the Versailles
  Treaty make Germany pay war reparations
• Communist Russia remained outside the
  international system

81

• Germany the Weimar Republic
• Reparations 30 billion dollars
• Proposed a 3 year moratorium on payments France
  occupied the Ruhr Valley
• Inflation Hyperinflation
• Printed vast amounts of paper money
• By 1923, one dollar was worth 4 trillion German
  marks
• Inflation destroyed savings incomes of German
  middle class
• Felt betrayed by their government, would later be
  susceptible to Nazi propaganda

82

• Hope for Peace
• The Dawes Plan-1923
• American plan to reestablish a sound German
  currency reduce reparations
• The Locarno Pact-1925
• France, Germany, England, Italy, Belgium sign
  guarantees national borders
• The Kellogg-Briand Pact-1928
• 62 countries promised to renounce war as an
  instrument of national policy

83

• Conservative Authoritarianism
• Committed to existing social order
• Opposed popular participation in government
• Totalitarianism
• Total control over the lives of citizens
• Used modern technology communication to
  manipulate censor information
• Used education to mold loyal citizens demonize
  scapegoats enemies

84

• Forms of Totalitarianism
• Fascism
• Led by one leader or party
• Condemned democracy
• Rival parties undermines national unity
• Supported state sponsored capitalism
• Glorified war aggressive nationalism
• Exercised control over the media

85

• Forms of Totalitarianism
• Soviet Communism
• Led by one party the dictatorship of the
  proletariat
• Condemned capitalism
• It exploits the workers
• Supported state ownership of the means of
  production
• Glorified the working class
• Exercised control over the media

86

• Soviet Union
• Lenin
• The NEP (New Economic Policy) revived Russias
  economy
• Lenin dies in 1924
• Stalin vs Trotsky
• By 1928, Stalin was USSRs undisputed leader
• Stalin
• Five Year Plans
• The Great Terror (purges)

87

• Fascist Italy
• Postwar Italy
• Betrayal by Treaty of Versailles
• Severe economic crisis inflation, unemployment,
  massive national debt
• Fear of Bolshevik influence revolt
• Benito Mussolini
• 1922 March on Rome
• Fascist State
• State Corporate Economy
• The Lateran Accord independence for Vatican City

88

• Nazi Germany
• Adolf Hitler
• Weakness of Weimer Republic helped prepare German
  public for a bold leader
• Nazis used political process to legally claim
  power
• Hitler was a spellbinding demagogue
• Nazi ideology
• Nationalism
• German Master Race
• Anticommunist, anti-Semitic

89

• Spanish Civil War
• The Munich Conference 1938
• Chamberlain Peace in our time
• August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact
• September 1, 1939 German invasion of Poland
• Holocaust - factors
• Jews were a small vulnerable minority
• Hitlers propaganda convinced Germans of Jewish
  inferiority
• German secret police successful at stifling
  dissent

90

• Cold War
• Containment
• Truman Doctrine
• The Marshall Plan
• NATO Alliance
• The Warsaw Pact
• The Berlin Airlift
• Revival of Western Europe
• Treaty of Rome 1957
• The European Economic Community
• Eliminated trade barriers

91

• Cold War
• Stalin dies 1953
• Khrushchev 1953-1964
• De-Stalinization
• 1957 Sputnik
• 1961 The Berlin Wall
• 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
• Brezhnev 1964-1982
• Stagnation
• Richard Nixon détente
• The Helsinki Accords 1975

92

• End of the Cold War
• Gorbachev 1985-1991
• Glasnost
• Perestroika
• Demokratizatsiya
• Poland Solidarity
• Fall of the Berlin Wall 1989
• Collapse of the Soviet Union
• The Maastricht Treaty
• Created the EU European Central Bank

93

• FRQ
• Analyze the effects of glasnost perestroika
  during Mikhail Gorbachevs presidency in the
  Soviet Union.
• To what extent did the Solidarity movement in
  Poland help bring about the fall of communism
  the Soviet Union?