TEXAS HISTORY

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Life in Spanish Texas
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Why come to Texas?

• to escape the cruel conditions on the haciendas
  (large estate or ranch in Spanish territory) in
  New Spain.
• driven to the area by droughts or other natural
  disasters
• to escape an oppressive tax system (oppressive
  unjust or cruel due to an abuse of power)

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Why come to Texas?

• A few colonists hoped to become wealthy by
  trading with the French an activity that was
  illegal in New Spain.
• Colonists hoped to get better jobs on northern
  ranches.

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The Spanish Texans

• Most were seeking better lives.

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Living in the northern provinces of New Spain was
difficult.
Fear of attack by hostile natives!
Deadly diseases
Hacienda owners took hostiges
www.kfki.hu/arthp/ art/p/post/frans/hacienda.jpg
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Four Types of Frontier Settlements
Settlers had to work together to survive. They
established four kinds of settlements in the
frontier

• 1. Missions
• 2. Presidios
• 3. Towns
• 4. Ranchos

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MISSIONS
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Missions

• By 1750, there were more than 20 Spanish missions
  in Texas. They were run by Catholic priests.
  Most were built near Indian villages, in hopes to
  convert the Indians.
• Missions had
• 1. walls surrounding them for protection
• 2. houses, school, church, and workplaces
• 3. most had farms and ranches

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Why were missions built in Texas?

• Spain wanted land in Texas. France also wanted
  the same land. Spain established missions to
  protect their interests. They used native people
  they had converted to help them.
• Spain hoped that the resources in the Americas
  would pay for their exploration and colonization
  throughout the world.
• Spain wanted everyone to be a Catholic. Their
  goal was to convert the Native Americans to their
  way of worship and thinking. The churches in the
  missions served this function.

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Native Texans

• Came to missions to avoid hunger and enemy tribes
• Were forced to do mission work such as build
  buildings
• Left missions because they did not like being
  bossed around by the priests
• Most Native Texans returned to missions over and
  over because of hunger

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SPANISH CONTROL OF THE TEXAS BORDERLANDS

• To control the Texas borderlands the Spanish
  built 4 types of settlements
• missions religious communities
• presidios military bases
• towns small villages with farmers and merchants
• ranchos or ranches

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Missions
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Missions
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New Missions along the Rio Grande

• In the late 1600s, the Spanish began building
  missions just south of the Rio Grande.
• They also built missions among the Pueblo Indians
  of New Mexico.
• In 1680, a Pueblo leader named Pope led a revolt,
  or revolution, against the Spanish. This Pueblo
  Revolt, drove the Spanish out of New Mexico.

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THE SPANISH ESTABLISHED MISSIONS ALONG THE
WESTERN RIO GRANDE

• To provide a place to live for settlers fleeing
  the Pueblo Revolt
• To use missions as a base to retake New Mexico

Pueblo Revolt revolution led by Pueblo leader
Popé against the Spanish in New Mexico
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Missions

• In 1682, the Spanish built the first mission in
  Texas, just east of present-day El Paso. This
  mission was called Corpus Christi de la Ysleta.

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Spanish Settlements on the Frontier
Represent Spanish govern-ment there
Convert AmericanIndians there toCatholicism
Developsettlements there
missions, presidios, towns, ranchos
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FAILURE OF SPANISH MISSIONS IN EAST TEXAS

• Location too remote
• Floods, droughts, disease
• Internal conflicts
• Indians not interested in religious instruction

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SAN ANTONIO RIVER AREA

• Midpoint between the East Texas missions and the
  Rio Grande settlement
• Mild climate and location by a river
• Became the site of the most successful Texas
  missions and settlements

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WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND SPAIN AFFECTS TEXAS

• Led to the Chicken War, which caused Spain to
  abandon East Texas
• Re-established Spanish control of the region
• Separated control of French Louisiana and Spanish
  Texas

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WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND SPAIN AFFECTS TEXAS

• Chicken War conflict between French and Spanish
  in Texas where the French attacked Mission San
  Miguel de Linares de los Adaes

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Spanish Return to Texas

• France and Spain decide to work together for the
  missions in East Texas
• Spain wants to spread Christianity
• France wants to trade with the Indians
• Spain builds 6 new missions

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Problems with Spanish Missions

• Missions were over 500 miles away from Spanish
  settlements
• Apaches and Comanches raided the supplies wagons
• Difficult to get supplies to

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How to solve the problems

• Built missions on the San Antonio River as a mid
  way point
• Missions included De Bexar and Alamo
• Built El Camino Reel- only road going from the
  East missions to Mexico

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War and Expansion
Chicken War (June 1719)
Aguayo Expedition
Spanish re-occupation of East Texas
Agreement to separate control of French
Louisiana and Spanish Texas
Expansion of Spanish settlement (Los Adaes, La
Bahía)
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MISSIONS
PURPOSE

• colonizing Texas
• convert Native Texans to the Catholic faith
• taught the natives to be good citizens
• taught natives to be loyal subjects of the
  Spanish crown

Subjects one who is under the authority of a
king or queen
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PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
MISSIONS

• square compound
• enclosed by four walls
• towers for lookout points
• offices for the priests
• chapel
• shops (carpentry, ironworking, etc.)

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Inside the Mission Compound
Wall
Tower Used for lookout points.
Workshop
Offices
Workshop Used for making things needed in the
mission such as cloth or tools.
Chapel The Chapel would have been used for
baptisms, weddings, and funerals.
The land around the mission was used for
livestock and for planting crops.
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Daily Life in the Missions

• Morning Prayers
• 30 minutes of religious teaching
• Rosary
• Breakfast
• Work in the fields or workshops for the men
• Work in the kitchen or cooking for the women
• School for the children
• Dinner
• Religious teaching
• Prayers
• Bedtime

And if you didn't like it . . .

• You might be punished for not working.

• You could be recaptured if you tried to run away.

• You might have to return to hunger and cold
  winters outside the mission. Brrrrr.

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MISSIONS

• Spanish missions in Texas were expected to
  support themselves.
• They had to provide everything the mission
  residents needed to survive.

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MISSIONS

• Spain hoped that the missions would soon start
  making money for the crown.
• Successful missions would make them a productive
  part of New Spain rather than a constant
  financial drain.

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MISSIONS

• If the settlers at the missions were productive,
  Spain promised to give them control of the
  missions.

• The settlers were promised they could have their
  own local government.

• Spain also promised the settlers some land for
  farming.

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El Patronato Real (an agreement)
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Hard Times in the Missions

• The number of natives living in the missions went
  down.
• Women died giving birth.
• Native Texans were exposed to disease.
• Native Texans werent used to the food in the
  mission.

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MISSIONS

• They were not as immediately successful as Spain
  hoped.

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Spanish Settlements
Type Purpose Physical Description Daily Life
Mission spread Christianity Make the natives good subjects square compound 4 walls chapel religious teaching work



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Presidios
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Presidios
P U R P O S E

• Provided military support for the missions
• Protected the colonists and mission from attacks
  by Native Texans
• Presidio soldiers went after natives who ran away
  from the mission
• These soldiers also guarded people bringing
  supplies and cattle across Texas

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Presidios
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION

• The presidios were built from logs, adobe, or
  stone found around the area.
• The compounds were rectangular and had tall walls
  with lookout points.
• The presidio would have had places for the
  soldiers to sleep, a chapel, and a storage room.
• Soldiers would have entered the presidio through
  a large gate.

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Presidio Daily Life

• Soldiers who lived in the presidio served for 10
  years and had a harsh life.
• They were in danger of attack by Native Texans.
• They often didnt get along with the priests in
  the mission.
• They werent paid very much.

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Presidio Daily Life

• They had to buy their own uniforms and weapons at
  the presidios commissary.
• (commissary a store where military personnel
  can buy equipment and food)
• Presidio soldiers protected the mission.
• Soldiers kept natives out of mission.

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Spanish Settlements
Type Purpose Physical Description Daily Life
Mission spread Christianity Make the natives good subjects square compound 4 walls chapel religious teaching work
Presidio Military support To protect the mission Rectangular Tall walls Places for the soldiers to sleep Harsh life Soldiers protected mission Kept natives out


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Towns
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LIFE IN SPANISH SETTLEMENTS

• Diverse populations
• Consisted of homes, government buildings and
  stores
• Economy based on farming and ranching
• Social activities centered around church and
  family

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The economy of the settlements was mostly based
on farming and ranching.

• The cattle business helped San Antonio and other
  towns grow.
• Vaqueros, or cowboys, worked on ranches near the
  settlements. They were well known for their
  skills at horse riding and cattle handling.

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Mission Government.

• The ayuntamiento, governing council, enforced
  royal and local laws.
• The alcalde, served as mayor, sheriff, and judge
  of small cases.

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Life in Spanish Texas
routes of first Texas roads
Catholic heritage and missions
many Spanish place-names
culture (architecture, art, food, language, music)
cattle ranching traditions and terms
legal traditions
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Spanish Towns Develop

• The Spaniards established four civil settlements
  in colonial Texas
• San Antonio de Bexar
• La Bahia
• Nacogdoches
• Laredo (in Nuevo Santander)

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Building Towns

• To build homes, the settlers used materials from
  their surroundings.
• logs
• adobe
• stone

• If settlers didnt have any of the materials
  listed above, they built jacals (ha-CAHLS).
• Jacals were huts with thatched roofs and walls
  made from upright poles covered with clay or mud.

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TOWNS

• Native Texans began adapting to the Spanish
  culture Many worked as blacksmiths, gunsmiths,
  bakers, shoemakers, and transported goods from
  town to town.
• Merchants operated general stores, selling food,
  clothing, tools, and other goods.
• Education was limited to well-to-do families.
  Literacy (ability to read and write) was limited
  to priests, government officials, and wealthy
  families.

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TOWNS

• Their were no priests or military just regular
  people.
• The town had a routine as it was in the mission.
• Natives even adapted to Spanish life.
• Women worked hard just as hard as the men did
  with farm and ranch chores.
• Some took on extra duties like serving as a
  mid-wife to help deliver babies.

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GOVERNING THE PEOPLE

• Settlers wanted to govern themselves.
• Spain still tried to control the settlers.
• Spanish crown made it illegal to trade with the
  French. Settlers broke these laws and made the
  king and queen mad.
• Frontier towns had a complex government
  structure.
• An alcalde (ahl-CAHL-deh) acted as the mayor,
  sheriff, and judge in dealing with local issues.
• The town council, or ayuntamiento
  (ah-yoon-tah-MYEN-toh) helped the alcalde.

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Leisure Activities

• horse racing
• festivals
• outdoor activities
• telling folktales
• singing
• dancing
• fiddle music

www.dovesgallery.com/ Rodeo20Gallery.html
These activities brought the settlers closer
together.
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PROBLEMS in the TOWNS

• No running water
• No sewage services
• Living conditions were unclean
• Muddy streets
• Standing water (breeding ground for
  disease-carrying mosquitoes)

Living conditions led to deadly epidemics of
cholera and smallpox.
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Ranches

• Life in Spanish Texas wasnt limited to the
  missions and presidios.
• Some colonists lived outside the missions and
  presidios but kept nearby for protection.
• These settlers lived on ranchos (ranchos) or
  farms.
• They raised cattle, horses, mules, sheep, goats,
  and hogs.
• provided fat to make soap and candles
• provided hides
• provided food

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Cattle Industry Begins in Texas

• Cattle and other livestock were brought to Texas
  during Spains first attempts to colonize the
  Americas.
• These animals multiplied.
• King of Spain gave ranchers large land grants to
  develop the cattle industry.
• Best cattle region was between San Antonio and
  the Guadalupe River.
• The vaqueros (livestock herder or cowhand)
  learned how to control the livestock.

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Ranches Versus Farming

• Subsistence Farming (where you are able to grow
  just enough food to feed your family) was
  possible in the frontier of Texas. But, the dry
  weather and the hard soil made it difficult to
  make money farming.
• Ranching was a better alternative because the
  cattle could survive and could be moved when the
  settlers needed to escape attacks by
  Native Texans. Compared to farming, ranches
  could be run by a smaller number
  of people.

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Type Purpose Physical Description Daily Life
Mission spread Christianity Make the natives good subjects square compound 4 walls chapel religious teaching work
Presidio Military support To protect the mission Rectangular Tall walls Places for the soldiers to sleep Harsh life Soldiers protected mission Kept natives out
TOWN Provided support for the missions and the presidio Houses made of local material Blacksmiths, bakers, gunsmiths Only wealthy learned to read
Rancho (RANCH) Provided food and supplies for the colonies Large pieces of land with little grass Extreme weather conditions Vaqueros took care of livestock