Adipocytes and Leptin

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Adipocytes and Leptin
Leptin , makes you feel full, satisfied. You stop
eating.
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Hey brother! Did You Eat ALL the Cheese ?
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Other Hormones (Short Term)

• Peptide YY (PYY) This Hormone also initiates a
  feeling of satiation. Released from ileum and
  colon ( Satiation)
• Grelin ( Secreted from parietal cells) Has
  opposite effect. Tells us we are hungry ( usually
  during cephalic phase) too much of this hormone
  and we keep eating. Some obese have too much
  Ghrelin.

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What are the other hormones?

• CCK cholecytokinin ( from the small Intestine)
  teminates hunger
• Insulin- terminates hunger

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What are PROTEINS?

• Proteins are the structural components of bones
  and muscles. They also make up important
  molecules (most) that make up your cell membranes
  and blood, hormones and other instrumental
  molecules that work biological systems.
• Proteins are made up of smaller units called
  amino acids. Twenty amino acids are found in
  food. The body makes eleven nine must be
  consumed and are essential.

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Structure of an Amino Acid
Amino group, carboxyl group, H-group and and
R-groupaa
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Some Amino Acids
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Amino Acids Join Together
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A Polypeptide Chain The Beginning of a Protein

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ESSENTIAL VS. NON-ESSENTIAL?

• ESSENTIAL Means you must consume these nutrient
  in your diet.
• 8 AMINO ACIDS are ESSENTIAL
• Complete Proteins contain all of the essential
  amino acids Incomplete Proteins do not. Animal
  proteins are complete.

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How Many Essential Amino Acids?

• There are Eight
• This means we can make the other 12 amino
  acids.

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TO GET ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS YOU MUST
CONSUME COMPLETE PROTEINS
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IN YOUR LIVER
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THEN IN YOUR KIDNEYS..

• The UREA is mixed with salts and excess water to
  form URINE our main nitrogenous wastes.

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Carbs

• Carbohydrates supply energy to the brain, nervous
  system, and blood as well as provide fuel for
  high intensity exercise. If we do not consume
  enough carbs we synthesize them from proteins, in
  rare occurrences, when both are lacking,the body
  breaks down the proteins in vital organs.
• Simple carbs include sucrose, fructose, maltose,
  lactose, all of which consist of two sugar
  molecules. Complex carbs.discussed earlier.

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DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES (STARCH)
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During Low Blood Sugar

• During, Glucagon is released by Low Blood Sugar
  The Hormone the liver. This hormone converts
  stored glycogen into glucose and raises blood
  sugar. When you eat blood sugar will turn on
  insulin and turn off glucagon.

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During High Blood Sugar (after a meal)

1. Pancreas is stimulated to release insulin which
   stimulates the cells to uptake glucose from
   blood.
2. Insulin also converts Excess glucose to
   glycogen(a polymer of glucose and thus a storage
   form) in the liver.

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The Ideal Carbohydrate Complex and Unrefined
(Whole Grain)

• Complex Carbohydrate This is a carbohydrate
  consisting of long chains (up to hundreds of
  sugar units). It takes much longer to digest than
  a short chain.
• Ultimately ALL carbs are digested to glucose and
  released into the bloodstream. Once this occurs
  the pancreas releases the hormone insulin, which
  allows cells to take up glucose and use it for
  energy. The liver and muscle also take up
  glucose to provide carbohydrate storage in the
  form of glycogen.
• The BEST Carbs are HIGH fiber ones. Whole grains
  contain the inner layer of the germ a middle
  layer of the endosperm, and an outer layer of
  bran.much more fiber than processed refined
  grains. We cant digest these layers of
  cellulose as we do not possess the enzyme (cows
  do)

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Fats
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• Hydrogenation of fats causes the cis formation
  to go to trans of polyunsaturated fats. These
  fats originally had several double bonds ..oil.
  

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Simple Calorimeter

• One Kilocalorie (our calorie) the amount of heat
  it takes to raise the temperature of one liter of
  water 1degree centigrade.
• Fat 9/gr
• Protein4/gr
• Carb.4/gr

Calorimeter must be well insulated to be accurate
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Respiration in a Nutshell
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