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Food Resources: A Challenge for Agriculture

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Title: Slide 1 Author: Andy Madison Last modified by: Owner Created Date: 6/7/2005 1:19:53 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show Company – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Food Resources: A Challenge for Agriculture


1
Food Resources A Challenge for Agriculture
Chapter 19
2
Food and Nutrition
  • Important molecules to our diets
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Minerals
  • Vitamins
  • Nutrition problems
  • Undernourished fewer calories than needed
  • Malnourished wrong kinds of calories
  • Overnourished food in excess (fats sugars)
  • Cancers, heart disease, obesity

3
Food and Nutrition
  • Human Foods

4
World Food Problems
  • In 2004
  • 86 countries are low-income, food deficient.
  • 800 million people were food deficient
  • 182 million children severely malnourished and
    underweight

5
World Food Problems
  • Common diseases due to malnourishment
  • Marasmus low calories
  • and protein wasting
  • away, infants
  • Kwashiorkor protein
  • deficiency, swollen
  • belly, children

6
World Food Problems
  • Producing Enough Food

7
World Food Problems
  • Famines
  • 1983-1985 Drought in Africa resulted in 1.5
    million deaths in Ethiopia and Sudan
  • 1993 civil unrest and drought resulted in 2
    million starving Somalis
  • 1990s flooding and drought resulted in 2
    million deaths in North Korea

8
World Food Problems
  • Maintaining Grain Stockpiles
  • World grain carryover stocks

U.N. estimates that carryover stocks should not
fall below 70 days. Why?
9
Lifeboat Ethic
  • 50 people in a boat that seats 60. 100 drowning
    people want to get in
  • Scenario 1
  • Scenario 2
  • Scenario 3

10
World Food Problems
  • Why the decline in carryover stocks?
  • More grain is going towards feeding livestock
    (eating higher on food chain).

11
World Food Problems
  • Poverty and Food
  • Making Food Affordable for the Poor
  • Poverty ? Poor nutrition
  • Malnutrition more common in urban than rural
    areas in developing countries
  • Infants, children, and elderly most susceptible
    to hunger and poverty.

12
The Principle Types of Agriculture
  • Industrialized (modern) agriculture

13
The Principle Types of Agriculture
  • Subsistence agriculture self and family, little
    technology
  • Shifting cultivation changing fields
  • Slash-and-burn agriculture - rainforest
  • Nomadic herding - animals
  • Intercropping several plants, same
    field
  • Polyculture in season at different times

14
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock
  • The Effect of Domestication on Genetic Diversity
  • Genetic diversity enhances long-term species
    survival

15
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock
  • The Effect of Domestication on Genetic Diversity

Lower Genetic Diversity in Domesticated Animals /
Plants
16
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock
  • Global Decline in Domesticated Plant and Animal
    Varieties defines modern farming.
  • In past, many localities had special varieties,
    such as

17
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock
  • The Global Decline in Domesticated Plant and
    Animal Varieties

Many world farmers now using just a few varieties
on a limited amount of land. Land is cultivated
more efficiently to produce higher yields.
18
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock
  • Increasing Crop Yields

US wheat yields
19
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock
  • Increasing Crop Yields
  • Case-in-Point The Green Revolution

20
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock
  • Increasing Livestock Yields
  • Modern livestock production commonly relies
    upon
  • hormone supplementation
  • antibiotics in feedstuff
  • (Both are controversial)

21
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock
  • Issues with Genetic Engineering
  • The Safety of Genetic Engineering
  • The Backlash Against Genetically Modified Foods
    (GMOs)
  • Should Foods from Genetically Modified Crops and
    Livestock Be Labeled?

22
The Environmental Impacts of Agriculture
  • Most livestock now grown in feedlots

Leads to problems like sewage disposal. Cruelty??
23
The Environmental Impacts of Agriculture
  • Insects are becoming increasingly resistant to
    pesticides

Leads to increases in the amount of pesticides
applied. Leads further to pesticide residue on
foods and contaminated land / water.
24
The Environmental Impacts of Agriculture
  • Other problems
  • Land degradation
  • Habitat fragmentation
  • Cultivating marginal lands

25
Solutions to Agricultural Problems
  • Sustainable Agriculture

26
Fisheries of the World
  • Major types of seafood

27
Fisheries of the World
  • Problems and Challenges for the Fishing Industry
    Pollution, Overfishing

28
Fisheries of the World
  • Overharvesting is the most serious problem

29
Fisheries of the World
  • Aquaculture Fish Farming
  • 2003 aquaculture production of fin fish and
    shellfish 41.9 million tons
  • In US aquaculture accounts for 6 of all
    seafood consumed 900 million-a- year industry
  • Major drawback its expensive

30
Fisheries of the World
  • Ocean Pollution and Deteriorating Habitat
  • 80 of global ocean pollution comes from human
    activities on land

31
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock
  • Genetic Engineering

32
Solutions to Agricultural Problems
  • Making Subsistence Agriculture Sustainable and
    More Productive
  • Slash-and-burn agriculture in rainforests is
    sustainable, if few people practice it
  • Researchers trying to find ways to increasing
    long-term productivity
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