Scientific Cents

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Scientific Cents
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Making Observations

• Work with your partner
• Read the procedure carefully.
• Make a data table and a data chart to record your
  observations before you begin.

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Making Observations
Give your table a TITLE
To make a Data Table QUANTITATIVE observations
Observations of Pennies



Label the type of observation
Make room for recording your DATA
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Making Observations
To make a Data Chart QUALITATIVE observations
Give your chart a TITLE
Observations of Pennies
Label the type of observation
of ????
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2
Make room for recording your DATA
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Facts, Opinions, Inferences

• Fact
• Is true for everyone
• Opinion
• Personal belief that is not founded on proof
• Inference
• Conclusion based on observation

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The Pre-experiment Stage
Asking Questions Developing Hypotheses
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Watch Listen Carefully
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Research Questions

• Use effect or affect
• How does ___?___ AFFECT ___?___ ?
• independent variable
  dependent variable
• What is the EFFECT of ___?___ on ___?___ ?
• 
  independent variable dependent variable

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Scientific Cents Question
I.V.

• How does the amount of soap in water affect how
  much water can be dropped on a penny?
• What is the effect of different amounts of soap
  on how much water a penny can hold?

D.V.
I.V.
D.V.
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Hypothesis

• Use an If, Then statement.
• If the independent variable changes, then the
  dependent variable will change.

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Hypothesis

• If the amount of soap increases, then the amount
  of water will increase.
• If the amount of soap increases, then the amount
  water will decrease.

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Experimental Stage
Designing an Experiment Collecting Data
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Watch Listen Carefully
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Experimental Design

• All variables must be identified
• Independent / manipulated
• Water / soap mixture
• Dependent / responding
• Number of drops
• Controlled / constants
• Same size drop
• Same dropper
• ??????

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Experimental Design

• All materials must be identified
• Quantities

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Experimental Design

• EVERY step must be explained
• test the penny is not a step because there is
  no explanation of how to test.
• There must be an explanation of what data will be
  collected, and how it will be collected

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Experimental Design

• Include how many trials will be conducted

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Experimental Design

• Do not include
• Gather materials
• Make a graph
• Draw conclusions

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Data Tables
Show Independent / Manipulated variable
Mixture 1 Mixture 2 Mixture 3
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2
3
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Mean
Record Dependent / Responding variable (Data) Here
Show of trials
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Post Experimental Stage
Data Analysis Drawing Conclusions
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Post Experimental Stage

• Data Analysis
• Drawing Conclusions

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Watch Listen Carefully
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Graphing Data
Include a descriptive title
A comparison of .
Use appropriate scale and interval





Include all independent / manipulated
variables and label
Number of drops
Show dependent / responding variable and unit of
measurement
M 1 M 2 M 3 Type of Mixture
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Look for Relationships

• Variables are related if one of them changes when
  the other changes.
• If a change in one variable affects the other
  variable, then the two variables are related to
  one another.
• Direct relationship
• Change in the same direction
• Indirect relationship
• Change in opposite directions

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Graphing the Reduced Data

• Bar graphs show us comparisons
• Why was a bar graph an appropriate graph for our
  data?

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Drawing Conclusions

• Data will support or not support your hypothesis
• Hypothesis is rejected or accepted
• Never right or wrong
• Answer the original question
• Use evidence (data) to back up what you say

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Elaborating, Expanding, Applying

• Sources of error
• What else could be done?