WATER, ENERGY

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WATER, ENERGY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• --------------------------------------------------
  ---------
• Water Policy in the Americas Roundtable
• Organization of American States
• Presentation by
• Dr. Allan R. Hoffman
• U.S. Department of Energy
• June 15, 2000

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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

• Introductory material
• Energy Environment Security Initiative
• DOE approach
• Perspectives
• Health issues
• Message
• Water pumping
• Desalination
• Water treatment
• DOE capabilities
• Conclusions
• Contact information

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ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY

• At the U.S. Department of Energy, water
  issues are being addressed under the Energy
  Environment Security Initiative, a formal joint
  activity with the U.S. Environmental Protection
  Agency and the U.S. Department of Defense (and
  supported by the U.S. Department of State).
• The Initiative has two goals
• The identification of energy and other
  environmental stresses that could lead to
  political and economic instability and/or the
  outbreak of political conflict
• The identification and implementation of measures
  that can help alleviate these stresses

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DOEs APPROACH TO WATER ISSUES

• Water is needed for a number of end-uses
• drinking water
• agriculture
• power plants
• industrial processes
• sanitation
• Optimal solutions can be obtained through a
  systems approach that integrates consideration of
  various end-uses, their energy requirements, and
  their associated economic and environmental costs

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SOME INTERESTING PERSPECTIVES

• Many of the wars in this century were about oil,
  but wars of the next century will be about
  water. (Ismail Serageldin, Vice President,
  World Bank, 1996)
• The next war in the Middle East will be over
  water, not politics. (Boutros Boutros-Ghali,
  Secretary General, United Nations, 1991)

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BASIC FACTS HEALTH ISSUES

• More than a billion people lack access to safe
  drinking water
• About 4 million children below age 5 die each
  year from waterborne diarrheal diseases (400 per
  hour)
• About 60 million children annually reach maturity
  stunted due to severe nutrient loss/complications
  from multiple diarrheal episodes
• About 1 billion people boil their drinking water
  at home

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A SIMPLE MESSAGE

• How to deal with water issues will be a major
  global concern in the 21st century
• An important part of addressing water issues is
  having the energy needed to transport, treat or
  desalinate water resources
• A systems approach (e.g., addressing water needs
  on a regional basis) can produce optimal
  solutions
• Water and energy are key components of
  sustainable economic development, and are
  inextricably linked

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PUMPING WATER Case Studies from the USAID/USDOE
Renewable Energy Program in Mexico

• USAID development goals
• improved agriculture, health, education and
  environmental protection
• rural community development
• electrification
• potable water
• Cost-effective renewable energy systems can help
  meet development goals

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LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSISSolar Powered vs.
Conventional Water Pumping Systems
CHARACTERISTIC SOLAR CONVENTIONAL
Initial capital cost high low
Replacement costs low high
OM costs low high
Fuel costs none high
Environmental impact low high
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TWO CASE STUDIES

• El Jeromin, Chihuahua
• Cattle ranch chamizo grown for cattle feed
• Water required 15,000 liters per day
• Agua Blanca, BCS
• Livestock/irrigation ranch (1001 hectares)
• Water required 25,000 liters per day

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Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Case Study-El Jeromín,
Chihuahua
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Case Study - El Jeromín, Chihuahua Results

• After 2 years, the PV system represents a lower
  overall expense to the user

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Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Case Study-Agua Blanca,
BCS
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Case Study - Agua Blanca, BCS Results

• Six years after installation, the PV system
  represents a lower overall expense

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DESALINATION

• A process for removing dissolved minerals
  (including, but not limited to, salt) from
  seawater, brackish water, or treated wastewater
• A number of technologies have have been developed
  for desalination reverse osmosis,
  electrodialysis, vacuum freezing, distillation,
  capacitive deionization.

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DESALINATION (continued)

• While much can be done to improve management of
  existing water supplies, there is broad agreement
  that extensive use of desalination will be
  required to meet the water needs of a growing
  world population
• At present, only 0.36 of the worlds waters in
  rivers, lakes and swamps is sufficiently
  accessible to be considered a fresh water
  resource

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KEY DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES

• Reverse Osmosis
• pressure is applied to intake water, forcing
  water molecules through semipermeable membrane.
  Salt molecules do not pass through membrane.
  Product water that passes through is potable.
• On average, energy (electrical) accounts for 41
  of total cost.
• 5,800-12,000 kWh/AF (4.7-5.7 kWh/m3)
• Distillation
• intake water heated to produce steam. Steam is
  condensed to produce product water with low salt
  concentration.
• energy requirements for distillation
  technologies (electrical and thermal) are higher
  than for reverse osmosis technologies.
• 28,500-33,000 kWh/AF (23-27 kWh/m3)
• --------------------------------------------------
  ----------------
• does not include energy required for
  pre-treatment, brine disposal and water transport

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KEY DESALINATION FACTS

• Energy costs are a principal barrier to greater
  use of desalination technologies (disposal of
  residual brine is another)
• More than 120 countries are now using some
  desalted seawater, but mostly in the Persian Gulf
  where energy costs are low (oil, natural gas)
• Cost of seawater desalination using reverse
  osmosis has fallen
• 23 per 1,000 gallons in 1978 (5.26/m3)
• 2 per 1,000 gallons (0.55/m3) today
• (Tampa 35 million m3/day)

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UV Waterworks Motivation

• 1993 Bengal Cholera outbreak in India,
  Bangladesh and Thailand
• Existing alternatives for water treatment often
  have significant drawbacks
• boiling (over biomass cookstove)
• chlorination
• reverse osmosis

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UV Waterworks Design Criteria

• Energy efficient
• Low cost
• Reliable under field conditions
• No overdose risk
• Off-the-shelf components
• Can treat unpressurized water
• Rapid throughput
• Low maintenance
• Simple design/fabricable in developing countries

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UV Waterworks How It Works

• Water flows by gravity under a UV lamp for 12
  seconds
• UV radiation kills 99.9999 of bacteria, 99.99
  of viruses
• No change in taste or odor/no chemicals
  introduced
• Disinfects 4 gallons (15 liters) per minute

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UV Waterworks How It Works(continued)

• Power requirement 60 watts
• Disinfects 1,000 liters of water for less than 5
  cents (annual cost per person 14 cents)
• Unit needs maintenance only once every six months
  performed by local technicians
• Energy consumption 6,000 times less than boiling
  water over cookstove
• Units extensively tested, commercially available
• Portable version developed for disaster-relief

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HOW CAN THE U.S. DOE HELP?

• DOE has a number of technologies and
  capabilities that would be useful in addressing
  water quantity and quality issues
• - UV Waterworks unit developed at DOE
  national
• laboratory (LBNL)
• - Capacitive Deionization (CDI) process
  under
• development at another DOE laboratory
  (LLNL)
• modeling and simulation (using advanced computer
  capabilities)
• - monitoring, sensors and telemetry for remote
  monitoring

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HOW CAN THE U.S. DOE HELP?(continued)

• Characterization of water resources
• Site remediation, pollution prevention and waste
  treatment (to be discussed at September meeting
  of the Roundtable)
• Application of renewable electric technologies to
  desalination and water pumping and treatment
• Planning and management of large projects

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CONCLUSIONS

• Water issues will be a major global concern
• in the 21st century, and a potential source
  of conflict
• Addressing water issues requires joint
  consideration of a broad range of issues
  health, agricultural, economic, political and
  energy
• Water and energy issues are closely linked
• Renewable energy is likely to play a major role
  in addressing water issues, especially in
  developing countries
• Where applicable, a systems approach will yield
  optimum results

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CONTACT INFORMATION

• NAME TEL. E-MAIL

Gene Delatorre (DOE) 202-586-6121 gene.delatorre_at_hq.doe.gov
Peter Ritzcovan (DOE) 202-586-1275 peter.ritzcovan_at_em.doe.gov
Barbara Bishop (DOE) 202-586-2065 barbara.bishop_at_hq.doe.gov
Jeff Richardson (LLNL) 925-423-5187 richardson6_at_llnl.gov
Richard Knapp (LLNL) 925-423-3328 knapp4_at_llnl.gov
Dennis Hjeresen (LANL) 505-665-7281 dennish_at_lanl.gov
Tom Scott (ORO) 410-384-7388 ts9_at_y12.doe.gov
Allan Hoffman (DOE) 202-586-1786 allan.hoffman_at_hq.doe.gov
EESI web site http//eesi.ornl.gov