A NEW SPIRIT OF CHANGE

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CHAPTER 14

• A NEW SPIRIT OF CHANGE

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SECTION 1 - THE HOPES OF IMMIGRANTS

• Define
• emigrant - people who leave country
• immigrant - people who enter a country
• steerage - cheapest deck on a ship - filthy and
  illness or death

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Briefly explain each Push Factor

• Population growth -better food and sanitation
  caused overcrowding in Europe
• agricultural changes
• make more money selling to cities
• forced tenants off land to use to plots to make
  money
• crop failures
• poor harvests - unable to pay debts
• hunger caused people to emigrate

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• Industrial Revolution
• goods became cheaper than those produced by
  artisans
• some took factory jobs - others emigrated
• Religious and political turmoil
• Quakers and Jews left to avoid religious
  persecution
• Germans came after a failed revolution in Germany

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PULL FACTORS

• Freedom - everyone has the freedom to practice
  the teaching and religion he prefers
• Economic opportunity
• looking for a land where they could support their
  families and have a better future
• immigration varied depending on U.S. economy
• Abundant land
• Louisiana Purchase and Mexican Cession - lots of
  land
• land-starved Europeans saw as a land of
  opportunity

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SCANDINANVIANS

• Where did they settle?
• regions like Midwest, especially Minnesota and
  Wisconsin
• Why did they settle there
• lakes, forests, and cold winters like their
  homeland
• became farmers

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GERMANS

• Where did they settle?
• Midwest - Wisconsin, Texas and cities
• Why did they settle there?
• Wisconsin - could grow oats and Catholic bishop

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• Texas - brought land from German nobles and
  founded Fredericksburg
• Cities - businesses as bakers, butchers,
  carpenters, printers, shoemakers and tailors
• John Jacob Bausch and Henry Lomb - world's
  largest lens maker
• Jews - salespeople who brought pins, needles,
  pots and news to frontier homes and mining camps

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Irish

• Where did they settle?
• City dwellers
• Why did they settle there?
• few skills and had to take low-paying,
  back-breaking jobs
• women took in washing
• men built canals and railroads
• Why did they come?
• Irish Catholics could not vote, hold office, own
  land or go to school
• famine - no potatoes - no food - forced to
  emigrate

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OVERCROWDING OF CITIES

• New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati's population
  grew greatly in small number of years
• Problems
• not enough housing
• landlords squeezed large apartment buildings in
  small lots
• cramped living quarters lacked sunshine and fresh
  air
• outdoor toilets overflowed causing disease
• crime flourished

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• City Problems
• New York no public police force
• only a volunteer fire department
• 138 miles of sewers for 500 mils of streets
• Immigrant groups set up societies to help
  newcomers and politicians offered help in
  exchange for votes

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OPPOSITION TO IMMIGRATION

• Prejudice
• a negative opinion that is not based on facts
• native-born Americans feared that immigrants were
  to foreign to learn American ways.
• some feared that immigrants might come to
  outnumber natives
• Some Protestants feared that Catholics threatened
  democracy

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• Nativists
• native-born Americans who wanted to eliminate
  foreign influence
• refused to hire immigrants
• promised to not vote for any Catholics or
  immigrants running for political office

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• Know-Nothing Party
• started by nativists
• wanted to an Catholics and the foreign-born from
  holding office
• called for a cut in immigration and 21-year wait
  to become an American citizen
• disappeared when north and south branches
  couldn't agree on slavery

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What were the push-pull factors that led to
immigration? How did the arrival of so many
immigrants affect U.S. cities? What was the
Know-Nothing Party, and what was its point of
view about immigration?
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SECTION 2AMERICAN LITERATURE AND ART
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AMERICAN WRITERS

• Romanticism
• stressed the individual, imagination, creativity,
  and emotion.
• Drew from nature
• James Fennimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans
• Frances Parkman The Oregon Trail

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• Noah Webster
• Published American Dictionary of the English
  Language
• Gave American, not British, spellings and
  included American Slang
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
• Wrote many poems that retold stories from history
• Paul Reveres Ride

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AMERICAN ARTISTS

• Hudson River School
• Artists painted peaceful landscapes of mountains,
  forests and rivers
• Paintings that conveyed the majesty of the
  American Landscape
• John James Audubon sketched birds and animals
  of his adopted country
• African Americans
• Made beautiful baskets, quilts, and pottery
• David Drake signed pottery he created.

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WRITERS AND WORK

• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Urged Americans to cast off European influence
  and develop their own beliefs
• Learn about life from self-examination and from
  nature as well as books

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• Henry David Thoreau
• Believed people should live by their own
  individual standards
• Transcendentalism
• Taught that the spiritual world is more important
  than the physical world
• Taught people to find truth within themselves
  through feeling and intuition
• Civil disobedience
• Urged people not to obey laws they considered
  unjust
• Peacefully refuse to obey laws

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• Margaret Fuller in magazine and book she argued
  for womens rights
• Walt Whitman
• Published Leaves of Grass
• He and Dickinson shaped modern poetry by
  experimenting with language
• Emily Dickinson
• Wrote poems on pieces of paper that she sewed
  into booklets
• Subjects of God, nature, love and death
• Most poems published after her death.

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• Edgar Allan Poe terrifying tales that influence
  todays horror story writers first detective
  story
• Nathaniel Hawthorne depicted love, guilt and
  revenge during Puritan times in The Scarlet
  Letter.
• Herman Melville wrote Moby Dick about a mans
  destructive desire to kill a white whale

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SECTION QUESTION

• What was romanticism and how did Americans adapt
  it?
• What is civil disobedience and what did
  Thoreau do that is an example of it?
• How did the writers of the mid-1800s shape
  modern literature?

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SECTION 3REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY
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REVIVALS

• Second Great Awakening
• Revival a meeting to reawaken religious faith
• Circuit riders preacher who rode from town to
  town holding meetings in a tent
• Preachers said that anyone could choose salvation
  and this appealed to equality-loving Americans
• Charles Finney preached that all sin consists in
  selfishness and that religious faith led people
  to help others. helped to awaken spirit of
  reform

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Temperance

• a campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol
• Workers spent most of their wages on alcohol
  leaving families without enough money to live on
• Many women joined temperance movement
• Business owners joined because they needed
  workers who could keep schedules and run machines
• Alcohol made it hard for workers to do either

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WORKERS RIGHTS

• Improvements in working conditions
• Factory work was noisy, boring and unsafe
• Labor union a group of workers who band
  together to seek better working conditions.
• Strike stop working to demand better conditions
• Workers called for shorter hours and higher wages

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IMPROVING EDUCATION

• Horace Mann
• Public education the great equalizer
• education creates or develops new
  treasurestreasures never before possessed or
  dreamed of by any one
• Led to opening of public elementary and high
  schools
• Led to opening of hundreds of private colleges.

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• Women not allowed into colleges
• Elizabeth Blackwell first women to obtain Medical
  Degree in U.S.
• African Americans faced obstacles
• South illegal to teach an enslaved person to read
• North most public schools barred African-American
  children
• Colleges would only take 1 or 2 at a time.

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CARING FOR THE NEEDY

• Dorethea Dix
• A reformer who discovered women who were locked
  in cold, filthy cells because they were mentally
  ill
• Found mentally ill received no treatment and were
  usually chained and beaten
• Through her efforts 32 new hospitals were built
  for mentally ill

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• Thomas H. Gallaudet opened the first American
  school for deaf children
• Samuel G. Howe opened Perkins School for the
  Blind in Boston
• Prisons
• Debtors, lifelong criminals and child offenders
  were put in the same cells
• Reformers demanded that children go to special
  schools
• Called for rehabilitation of adult prisoners

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PUBLICATIONS

• Penny Papers
• Cheaper newsprint and invention of the
  steam-driven press lowered the price of a
  newspaper to a penny
• Carried serious news but also gripping stories of
  fires and crime
• Ladies Magazines
• Sarah Hale used writing to support her family
• Magazine advocated education for women
• Suggested that men and women were responsible for
  different, but equally important, areas of life

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IDEAL COMMUNITIES

• Utopia an ideal society
• New Harmony, Indiana Brook Farm Massachusetts
• Residents received food and other necessities in
  exchange for work
• Experienced conflicts and financial difficulties
• Ended only after a few years

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• Shaker
• Called this because they shook with emotion
  during church services
• Vowed not marry or have children
• Shared goods with each other and believed that
  men and women were equal
• Refused to fight for any reason
• Farmed and built simple furniture
• Depended on converts and adopting children to
  keep their communities going

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SECTION QUESTIONS

• How did the Second Great Awakening influence the
  reform movement?
• How did labor unions try to force business
  owners to improve working conditions?
• What were womens contributions to the reform
  movement?

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SECTION 4ABOLITION AND WOMENS RIGHTS
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ABOLITIONISTS

• People who led the movement to end slavery
• David Walker
• Wrote a pamphlet urging slaves to revolt
• Heard life was in danger died mysteriously
• William Lloyd Garrison
• Published abolitionist newspaper called The
  Liberator
• Boston mob tried to hang but mayor stopped

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• Grimke Sisters
• Believed that slavery was morally wrong
• Joined Quakers and American Anti-Slavery Society
• Spoke out for abolition even though they were
  criticized for it.

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• Frederick Douglass
• Career as a lecturer for the Massachusetts
  Anti-Slavery Society
• Published a autobiography to prove his life as a
  slave
• On return from a two year speaking tour he
  brought his freedom and began publishing an
  antislavery newspaper

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• Sojourner Truth
• Started life as slave but went to live with
  Quakers who set her free
• Helped her win court battle to win young son from
  slavery
• Went out to declare truth to the people and drew
  huge crowds in the North

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• Harriet Tubman
• One of the most famous conductors of the
  underground railroad
• She escaped and make 19 dangerous trips on the
  underground railroad
• Carried a pistol to frighten slave hunters and
  medicine to quiet crying babies

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UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

• An aboveground series of escape routes from the
  South to the North
• Was not underground or an actual railroad
• Traveled on foot, wagons, boats and trains.
• Usually traveled by night and hid by day in
  places called stations
• Stables, attics and cellars all served as
  stations.

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WOMEN REFORMERS

• World Anti-slavery Convention
• Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton went to
  attend
• Were not allowed to enter the convention because
  they were women not allowed to speak in public
• Had to sit behind heavy curtain and William Lloyd
  Garrisons joined them

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• Womens rights in 1800
• Few legal or political rights
• Could not vote, sit on juries or hold public
  office
• Laws treated women as children
• Most states husband controlled any property wife
  inherited and any wages she might earn.

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• Seneca Falls Convention
• Womens right convention held by Stanton and Mott
• Attracted men and women
• Wrote a Declaration of Sentiments that declared
  all men and women were equal
• All resolutions passed except for suffrage
  right to vote

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• Other Calls
• Sojourner Truth gave speech that urged men to
  give women their rights
• Maria Mitchell
• Founded Association for the Advancement of women
• An astronomer who discovered a comet
• Elected to the American Academy of Arts and
  Sciences first woman
• Susan B. Anthony
• Skilled organizer who worked in the temperance
  and antislavery movements
• Built womens movement into a national
  organization

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SECTION QUESTIONS

• Why were freedom of speech and freedom of the
  press important to the abolitionist movement?
• What were Frederick Douglasss contributions
  to the abolitionist movement?
• What were Elizabeth Cady Stantonscontributions
  to the womens rights movement?