Atoms, Molecules, and Life

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Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Life
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• Atoms
• A. Subatomic Particles
• Protons () in nucleus
• Neutrons (0) in nucleus
• Electrons (-) in orbitals energy levels
• 1st- 2electrons 2nd- 8 electrons
• 3rd orbital 8 or 18 electrons
• B. Atomic number number of protons
• C. Atomic mass protons neutrons
• D. Isotopes same element w/ different
  number of neutrons
• E. Chemical properties reactivity,
• F. Physical properties descriptive
  solid shape color

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• Elements
• C H O N Na Cl S Mg K Ca Fe P
• Periodic table
• 6 atomic number of protons
• C element symbol
• 12 atomic mass of protons of neutrons
• Chemical Compounds 2 or more elements combined
  
• A. Molecules compounds
• H20, O2, NaCl salt, CO2, C6H12O6-
  monosaccharide (glucose)
• HCl hydrochloric acid
• C12H22O11 disaccharide (sucrose)

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• Ionic Bonds elements lose or gain electrons,
  become ions
• Covalent Bonds shared electrons

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• III. Water most common solvent
• Solubility how well something dissolves, like
  dissolves like
• Solvent dissolves solute
• Cohesion-tension water attracted to water
• Capillary action surface tension, attraction
  tension H2O to H2O
• D. Specific heat water has a high specific
  heat, it takes a lot of energy to change waters
  temp.

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IV. pH relative concentration of H and OH- A.
Acids pH 1-6, more H (hydrogen) ions, sour
taste, urine 5.5, sweat 5.5, pop 3.5, gastric
juice 2.0 B. Bases alkaline pH 8-14, more OH-
(hydroxide) ions, bitter taste, bile 8, ammonia
11.5, bleach 12.5, pancreatic juice 8 C. Neutral
pH 7, H OH-, water, blood, saliva D.
Buffers baking soda NaOH, neutralize excess
acid to create pH 7
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Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
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• I. Molecules of living things
• Organic chemistry contain carbon
• Chemical groups page 38
• Hydroxyl OH
• Carboxyl COOH,
• in lipids proteins
• Amino NH3, NH2,
• in proteins
• Phosphates PO4,
• In nucleic acids, DNA, RNA

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• II. Macromolecules
• Polymer repeating monomers chains
• Biological polymers
• Condensation reactions
• Dehydration synthesis,
• anabolic smaller ? larger
• C6H12O6 C6H12O6 ? C12H22O11 H2O
• 2. Hydrolysis
• catabolic larger ? smaller, digestion breaking
  down
• C12H22O11 H2O ? C6H12O6 C6H12O6

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• III. Carbohydrates sugars and starches used for
  energy, 4 calories / gram,
• contain C, H, O, 2H 1 oxygen
• Monosaccharides single sugars (C6H12O6)
• Glucose
• Fructose fruit sugar
• Galactose
• Isomers same formula different arrangement
• Test for sugar Benedicts solution
• B. Disaccharides double sugar
  (C12H22O11)
• Sucrose table fructose glucose
• Lactose milk glucose galactose
• Maltose malt glucose glucose

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• Polysaccharides many sugars
• Starch breads, potatoes, grains
• Glycogen stored glucose in muscles and liver
• Cellulose cell walls wood
• Test for starches in food Iodine

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• IV. Proteins C H O N sometimes S, used for
  growth maintenance and repair (4 calories / gram)
• Test for protein in food Biuret
• Amino acids (20) base unit of proteins,
  examples lysine, argenine, tyrosine
• Peptide bonds
• Polypeptides 3 or more amino acids form
  proteins albumin, keratin, collagen, enzymes,
  skin, hair, muscles, organs
• C. Prosthetic groups another element will
  replace H, hemoglobin, H-C-C-C-C-Fe

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• V. Lipids C H O (9 calories / gram) fats
  ,waxes, oils used for energy storage, insulation,
  padding Test for lipids Sudan III
• Fatty acids base unit of lipids (linoleic acid)
• Unsaturated liquid plants, double bonds,
  HDLs
• Saturated solid animals, single bonds, LDLs
• Triglycerides neutral lipids 3 fatty acids
  glycerol, adipose fat
• Phospholipids cell membranes
• Sterols fats in a ring, cholesterol,
  testosterone
• Waxes fatty acids alcohol, resistant to water

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• VI. Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, and P
• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic code of life
• RNA ribonucleic acid, codes for proteins
• Nucleotides ribose phosphates
• Guanine
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Cytosine
• Uracil

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Chapter 6 Energy Flow in the Life of a Cell
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• Energy
• Potential stored
• Chemical stored in chemical bonds
• Kinetic energy of motion, break bonds
• Energy in chemical reactions
• Reactants and products
• (left of equation and right of
• Equation will equal each other- balanced
  equations
• Conservation of matter and energy

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• B. Chemical balance of energy
• ATP adenosine triphosphate, A-PPP contains
  high energy bonds
• ADP adenosine diphosphate, A-PP
• ATP/ADP cycle draw diagram
• Calories kilocalories
• Calorie amount of heat needed to raise 1000
  grams of water 1 degree Celsius

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• C.Chemical reactions
• Exergonic release of energy, heat, gas, bubbles
• Endergonic absorb energy, gets cooler
• Activation energy energy to start a reaction
  potential ? kinetic
• Catalyst speeds up a reaction lowers the
  activation energy required to start reaction

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• Enzymes organic catalysts speed up breaking
  down of food
• Characteristics
• End in- (ase) amylase lipase sucrase
• Proteins
• Never used up
• Never chemically changed
• Are specific, certain enzymes break down certain
  substrates
• B. Substrate substance being broken down
• Active site where enzyme fits into substrate
  lock and key hypothesis

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• Enzyme regulation enzymes reused, mechanisms to
  stop enzyme action
• D.Cofactors coenzymes, assist enzymes
  vitamins

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Chapter 7 Capturing Solar Energy Photosynthesis
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• Photosynthesis CO2 H2O light? C6H12O6 O2
• Energy from sunlight ? chemical energy,
  wavelengths, longest red, violet shortest
• Chlorophyll green pigment traps light
• carotenes orange yellow,
• D. xanthophylls red orange
• E. Chloroplast contain chlorophyll
• Thylakoids light dependent reactions
• Grana stacks of membrane absorb light energy
• Stroma fluid, light independent reactions

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• Light dependent reactions
• Light ? glucose ? ATP
• Occur when light is present
• Produces oxygen
• Light independent reactions
• Calvin Cycle CO2 ? ATP
• Produces sugar
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts cellular
  respiration and photosynthesis, to produce ATP

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Chapter 8 Harvesting Energy Glycolysis and
Cellular Respiration
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• Metabolism all chemical reactions in the body
• Energy conservation food energy ? ATP
• Anaerobic without O2,
• glycolysis, fermentation
• Aerobic with O2,
• Krebs, electron transport

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• II. Cellular Respiration- process by which the
  energy from food recharges low energy phosphates
  to make ATP
• (glycolysis,Krebs electron transport)
• net gain of 36 ATPs
• C6H12O6 O2 2ATP 38 ADP
• 38( P) ? CO2 H2O 38 ATP

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• A. Glycolysis anaerobic
• Glycogen (stored glucose) ? ATP
• lactic acid- formed with no or little O2
• Glycogen stored in muscles and liver
• Glycogen (2ATP) ? (4ATP) pyruvic
• acid(citric acid) -formed from breakdown of
  glycogen under normal conditions
• Net gain of 2 ATP (s)

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• B. Krebs Cycle
• 1. Citric acid cycle (gain 2 ATP)
• By products of glycolysis citric or pyruvic acid
  ? ATP
• Net gain of 1 ATP per cycle 2 cycles
• Excited electrons are left to be used in electron
  transport
• C. Electron Transport aerobic
• Glucose ? net gain of 32 ATPs

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• V.Fermentation anaerobic yeasts and bacteria
• Alcohol sugar or starch ? alcohol carbon
  dioxide
• Lactate lactose ? lactic acid CO2
• Pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid
• VI. Energy sources in the human
• Cellular Respiration total of 36 ATPs
• Glycolysis 2 ATPs anaerobic
• Krebs 2 ATPs aerobic
• Electron transport 32 ATPs aerobic

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The End