Cultures in the Middle East

1
Cultures in the Middle East
2
Guiding Question

• Why should we learn about the Middle East?

3
GPS and E.Q.

• GPS SS7G8 The student will describe the diverse
  cultures of the people who live in Southwest Asia
  (Middle East).  
• a. Explain the differences between an ethnic
  group and a religious group.
• E.Q. How does an ethnic group differ from a
  religious group?  

4
Vocabulary

• Ethnic group people united by common culture
• Religious group people united by common
  religious beliefs
• Caliph leader in the Sunni Islam religion
• Imam Leader in the Shia Islam religion
• Monotheism belief in one god
• Literacy rate number of people age 15 and up who
  can read and write
• Standard of Living how comfortably you live
  (based on life expectancy, infant mortality
  (death) rate, income, and poverty rate)

5
Differences Between Ethnic Groups and Religious
Groups

• Ethnic Group
• Group of people with shared cultural beliefs
  (language, religion, shared history, types of
  foods, traditional stories and celebrations)
• Examples Arabs, Kurds, Persians, Cherokee

• Religious Group
• Group of people who shares a belief system in a
  god or gods, with a specific set of rituals and
  holy book (religion).
• Can be from different ethnic groups.
• Examples Christians, Jews, Muslims

6
Important Fact!

• Christianity, Islam, and Judaism all began in the
  Middle East.

7
Ethnic Groups in the Middle East
8
Ethnic Groups in the Middle East

• Arabs are people who speak Arabic. ????
• They believe themselves to be descendants of
  Abraham in the Bible through his son, Ishmael.
• They are the most numerous group in SW Asia.
• Most are Sunni Muslim, some are Shia, and a few
  are Christians or other religions.

9
Ethnic Groups in the Middle East

• Kurds are people who speak Kurdish.
• They live or are from mountainous areas in
  Turkey, Iraq, and Iran.
• They hope to have their own country one day.
• Iraqis and Persians have conflicts with them.
• They may be any religion, though most are Sunni
  Muslim.

10
Ethnic Groups in the Middle East

• Persians are people who speak Persian (Farsi).
• They live or are from Iran (used to be called
  Persia).
• Their ancestors come from Central Europe and
  Southern Russia.
• They may be any religion, but most are Shia
  Muslim.

11
CRCT Test Prep page 88

• 253. Which do Kurds share as part of their ethnic
  group?
• A. the Kurdish language
• B. they live in the same country
• C. self-rule in the land of Kurdistan
• D. the ability to move freely to other countries
• A. The Kurdish language

12
CRCT Test Prep page 88

• 254. Which are the 3 main religious groups of
  Southwest Asia?
• A. Hinduism, Islam, Judaism
• B. Christianity, Islam, Judaism
• C. Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam
• D. Christianity, Islam, Shamanism
• B. Christianity, Islam, Judaism

13
Diversity of Religions

• In Southwest Asia

14
GPS and E.Q.

• GPS SS7G8b. Explain the diversity of religions
  within the Arabs, Persians, and Kurds.
• E.Q. Why do Arabs, Persians, and Kurds fight
  each other if theyre all from the Middle East??
   

15
Religious Groups in the Middle East
16
Islam
(Video United Streaming "The Faith" 4 min. in
length)

• Began in Arabia in the early 7th century (600s)
• Holy book the Quran
• monotheistic (one God) faith revealed to the
  prophets Abraham, Moses, and Jesus and finally,
  to Muhammad.
• Muslims are believers in Islam

17
Arabs Religions

• Most Arabs are Muslims.
• Sunni Islam dominates in most areas.
• Shia Islam is prevalent in southern Iraq and
  adjacent parts of Saudi Arabia, and parts as
  parts of Syria.

18
Kurds Religions

• The Kurds are a non-Arabic people who speak a
  language related to Persian.
• Most follow the Sunni Muslim faith.
• They live in Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria and
  Turkey.

19
Persians Religions

• Most Persians in Iran are Shia Muslims.
• There is also a sizeable number of Sunni Muslims.
  
• There are also smaller communities of
  Zoroastrians, Christians, Jews, and Bahá'ís.

20
Conflicts

• The most powerful Iraqis (Arabs) are Sunni.
• Most Iranians (Persians) are Shiites (Shia).
• Most Kurds are Sunni, but are more closely
  related to Iranians (Persians)

Iraqi/Arab Sunni
Iranian/Persian Shia
Remember Sunni and Shia are both forms of Islam!
Kurd/Persian Sunni
21
Summary

• Make a Venn diagram ethnic group vs. religious
  group

22
Compare Religions of Arabs, Kurds, and Persians
(see Conflicts slide 20)
Ethnic Group Religion Leader Title Beliefs
Arabs
Kurds
Persians
23
CRCT Test Prep page 89

• 255. Which ethnic group is most numerous in
  Southwest Asia?
• A. Jews
• B. Kurds
• C. Arabs
• D. Persians
• C. Arabs

24
CRCT Test Prep page 89

• 256. What modern country is the home to those who
  call themselves Persian?
• A. Iran
• B. Iraq
• C. Israel
• D. Syria
• A. Iran

25
CRCT Test Prep page 89

• 257. What is the religion of most Persians?
• A. Judaism
• B. Christianity
• C. Shia Muslim
• D. Sunni Muslim
• C. Shia

26
CRCT Test Prep page 89

• 258. What is the religion of most of the Arabs in
  Southwest Asia?
• A. Judaism
• B. Christianity
• C. Shia Muslim
• D. Sunni Muslim
• D. Sunni

27
CRCT Test Prep page 89

• 259. What is the religion of most of the Kurds?
• A. Catholicism
• B. Christianity
• C. Shia Muslim
• D. Sunni Muslim
• D. Sunni

28
Prominent Religions

• In Southwest Asia

29
GPS and E.Q.

• GPS SS7G8c. Compare and contrast the prominent
  religions of Southwest Asia (Middle East)
  Judaism, Islam, Christianity.
• E.Q. How do the prominent religions of the Middle
  East compare? How are they different?

30
Similarities

• All believe in one God (monotheistic)
• All trace ancestors back to Abraham
• All began in the Middle East

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Connection between 3 Religions
Protestant
Shia
Eastern Orthodox
Christianity (Jesus)
Sunni
Islam
(Muhammad)
Roman Catholic
Sufi
Reform
Judaism
Conservative
(Abraham)
Orthodox
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Differences

• Judaism
• Founder Abraham (about 2000 BC)
• Holy Book Torah
• Followers Jews
• of Followers about 15 million
• Oldest of the 3 religions
• Beliefs laws of God and words of His prophets
• 3 types
• Orthodox
• Conservative
• Reform

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Differences

• Christianity
• Founder Jesus (about 30 AD)
• Holy Book Bible
• Followers Christians
• of Followers about 2.1 billion
• Largest of 3 religions
• Beliefs teachings of Jesus
• 3 types
• Eastern Orthodox
• Roman Catholic
• Protestant

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Differences

• Islam
• Founder Muhammad (about 610 AD)
• Holy Book Koran or Quran
• Followers Muslims
• of Followers about 1.3 billion fastest
  growing of the 3 religions
• Beliefs teachings of Muhammad, the last Prophet
• 3 types
• Sunni
• Shia
• Sufi

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CRCT Test Prep pages 90-93

• Read the passages on Judaism, Christianity, and
  Islam
• Read the first paragraph.
• Share with a partner 1 thing you knew, 1 thing
  you found out, or 1 thing you want to know more
  about.
• Continue with the other passages until you have
  both read them all.
• Stop after each paragraph to share with each
  other.
• (See the following slides for important points to
  remember)

36
Judaism

• Monotheistic belief in 1
  God (Yahweh)
• Began with Abraham
• born in Ur about 2000 BC
• God promised that Abraham would begin a new
  nation if he and his descendents would worship
  God
• Settled in Canaan had 2 sons Isaac and
  Ishmael Hebrews/Jews are descendents of Isaac
  (his 12 grandsons began 12 Tribes of Israel)

37
Judaism

• 1300-1200 BC Hebrews were forced into slavery
  in Egypt.
• Moses led Hebrews out of slavery (Exodus
  celebrated each year at Passover)
• God gave Ten Commandments to Moses
• Hebrews returned to Canaan and settled
• Around 1000 BC Hebrews united under King Saul,
  then David, then Solomon

38
Judaism
Western Wall

• Kingdom was divided into North and South
• Conquered by Babylon till 167 BC
• Conquered by Rome
• Temple in Jerusalem destroyed in 70 AD (except
  for one part of Western Wall still standing
  today)
• Jews scattered Diaspora to other countries
• Tanakh Holy Book
• (contains Torah first
• 5 books of Old Testament)

39
Christianity

• Monotheistic belief in 1 God
• Grew out of Judaism during Roman rule in
  Palestine (Canaan).
• Began with Jesus born in Bethlehem about 4 BC
• Became preacher/teacher at age 30

40
Christianity

• Jesus followed Jewish law/belief but spoke of
  more personal relationship with God
• Focus on love of God and kindness toward others
• Followers called disciples
• Their writings form Gospels 1st 4 books of New
  Testament
• Jewish and Roman leaders saw Jesus as threat
  Jesus was crucified

41
Christianity

• After death, followers believed Jesus rose from
  the dead called him Messiah or Christos
  Savior and Son of God
• Jesus teachings became basis for new religion
  Christianity Old Testament teachings loving,
  forgiving God
• Christians refused to worship Roman gods many
  were put to death
• 313 AD - Christianity approved by Roman emperor
  Constantine

42
Islam

• Monotheistic belief in 1 God (Allah)
• Began in Mecca in 600s AD trading center
• Kaaba (rectangular building) in center of town
  Meccans believed it was originally built by
  Abraham and Ishmael to honor God over time many
  idols were placed in Kaaba

43
Islam

• Began with Muhammad born in Mecca in 570 AD. At
  age 40 heard voice of angel Gabriel told him to
  tell people the word of God
• Followers were called Muslims ones who
  submit to Gods will
• Escaped to Medina in 622 AD move was called
  Hegira 1st year of Islamic calendar.

44
Islam

• Returned to Mecca in 630 AD with army Mecca
  surrendered.
• Removed idols from Kaaba and dedicated it to
  Allah.
• After Muhammads death, followers collected angel
  Gabriels teachings into holy book Quran
  (Koran).

45
Islam

• 1 God
• Muhammad was final prophet
• Quran includes much of Old and New Testaments.
• 5 Pillars
• Shahada There is no God but Allah and Muhammad
  is His Prophet
• Salat pray 5 times a day toward Mecca
• Zakat charity toward poor
• Sawm fast during Ramadan
• Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca

46
Islam

• Legal code based on Quran called shariah law
• Because so much of Old and New Testaments are
  part of Quran, most Muslims view Jews and
  Christians as People of the Book recorded
  special respect
• Islam spread through Middle East
• Leaders are called Caliphs

47
CRCT Test Prep page 91

• 260. What is the main belief that distinguished
  the Jewish faith from the others in the ancient
  world?
• A. the belief in life after death
• B. the organization of believers into a separate
  state
• C. the worship of a single god rather than many
  gods
• D. the offering of sacrifices during religious
  ceremonies
• C. The worship of a single god

48
CRCT Test Prep page 91

• 261. Which is the holy writing of Judaism?
• A. Torah
• B. Quran
• C. Constitution
• D. New Testament
• A. Torah

49
CRCT Test Prep page 91

• 262. The Exodus in the history of the Jewish
  people was the time when
• A. Jews were in captivity in Babylon.
• B. the Romans forced the Jews out of Jerusalem
• C. Abraham left Mesopotamia and moved to Canaan.
• D. Jews were freed from slavery in Egypt and
  returned to the land of Canaan.
• D. Jews were freed from slavery

50
CRCT Test Prep page 92

• 263. Why did Jesus have trouble with both the
  Jewish leaders and the Roman authorities?
• A. Jesus urged people to tear down the Temple in
  Jerusalem.
• B. the new religion of Christianity was open to
  only a few people.
• C. He encouraged the people to form an army and
  revolt against the government.
• D. Jews accused him of crimes against their
  teachings Romans saw him as a threat to the
  Roman Empire..
• D. Jews accused him of crimes

51
CRCT Test Prep page 92

• 264. What basic belief made Christianity
  different from Judaism?
• A. Christians believed Jesus was the Messiah, or
  savior of men.
• B. Only Judaism accepted and believed in the 10
  Commandments.
• C. Jews never had problems with the Roman
  authorities, while the Christians did.
• D. Christians allowed the worship of many of the
  Roman gods, while Judaism did not.
• A. Christians believed Jesus was the Messiah

52
CRCT Test Prep page 92

• 265. Why was Christianity finally accepted by the
  Roman Emperor as a legal religion?
• A. Christian armies defeated the emperor in
  battle.
• B. There were few other religions left in the
  Roman Empire by 313 AD.
• C. Emperor Constantine recognized that many
  Romans had become Christians.
• D. Christians made the worship of Roman gods and
  goddesses part of their religion as well.
• C. Emperor Constantine recognized that many
  Romans had become Christians.

53
CRCT Test Prep pages 93-94

• 266. What is the relationship among Judaism,
  Christianity, and Islam?
• A. The 3 religions all believe in different
  gods.
• B. All 3 religions accept Jesus as the Son of
  God.
• C. Unlike Judaism and Christianity, Islam won
  new converts only by war and force.
• D. Islam includes much of the old and new
  testaments in its holy book, the Quran.
• D. Islam includes much of the old and new
  testaments

54
CRCT Test Prep pages 93-94

• 267. What did Muhammad believe the angel Gabriel
  was asking him to do?
• A. Tell the word of God to the people.
• B. Bring an end to all religions other than
  Islam.
• C. Develop Mecca into a more powerful trading
  center.
• D. Tear down the Kaaba because idols had been
  stored there.
• A. Tell the word of God to the people.

55
CRCT Test Prep pages 93-94

• 268. What is the importance of the Kaaba to
  Muslims?
• A. The Kaaba was the original home of Muhammad.
• B. They believe it was originally built by the
  prophet Abraham.
• C. This building is where most important
  business deals were made in Mecca.
• D. They believe it is the place where Gabriel
  gave Muhammad the word of God.
• B. They believe it was originally built by the
  prophet Abraham.

56
CRCT Test Prep pages 93-94

• 269. Why did Islam spread so quickly after
  Muhammads death?
• A. Muslim armies conquered empires that had
  weakened over the years.
• B. Muslims refused to trade with anyone who
  would not convert to Islam.
• C. There were no religions in that part of the
  world to compete with Islam.
• D. Jews and Christians were forced to convert to
  Islam or face prison or death.
• A. Muslim armies conquered empires that had
  weakened over the years.

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CRCT Test Prep pages 93-94

• 270. What are the Five Pillars?
• A. The first five books of the Quran.
• B. The five columns that support the roof of the
  Kaaba.
• C. Five beliefs shared by Judaism, Christianity,
  and Islam.
• D. Five basic obligations that Muslims are
  supposed to meet in their lives..
• A. Five basic obligations that Muslims were
  supposed to meet in their lives.

58
CRCT Test Prep pages 93-94

• 271. Why do Muslims call Jews and Christians
  People of the Book?
• A. People belonging to these religions could
  read.
• B. Followers of all three religions were taken
  in census records.
• C. Much of the Old and New Testaments in
  included in the Quran.
• D. Jews and Christians were the first groups in
  Southwest Asia who had a written language.
• C. Much of the Old and New Testaments in included
  in the Quran.

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Reason for the Division

• Between Shia and Sunni Muslims

60
GPS and E.Q.

• GPS SS7G8d. Explain the reason for the division
  between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.  
• E.Q. How are Sunni and Shia Muslims
  different?  

61
Why Islam has 2 Major Sects

• The principal issue centers on the question of
  leadership after Muhammad ascended into heaven.

62
Sunni Islam Elected Leader

• The Prophet Muhammad died without choosing a
  successor to lead the Muslim community.
• The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs led Islam, one
  after the other. They were friends with Muhammad.
• The first caliph to be elected was Abu Bakr,
  Muhammads close friend, advisor, and
  father-in-law. When he died, a 2nd caliph was
  elected when he died, a 3rd caliph was elected.
• Sunnis elect a qualified person to be their
  caliph (leader).

63
Sunnis 90 of Muslims are Sunni. They believe
the community can elect the next leader. The
leader can be any devout Muslim with proper
qualifications. They say there is not a current
successor. They accept the first 3 caliphs as
Muhammads true Successors.
Shiites Rulers must be Muhammads
descendants. 10 of Muslims are Shiites. There
are different Shia sects. They believe the soul
can migrate from 1 body to another. The number
7 is sacred. Some Shiites recognize 12 imams
(successors) some recognize 7. Some believe
in a hidden imam. Some believe in a hidden imam
related to Muhammad who didnt die and will
reappear.
5 Pillars of Islam
64
Middle of Previous Venn Diagram

• All Muslims should believe in the following
  things
• 1. Allah is the creator of all things. Allah is
  all-powerful and knowledgeable
• 2. His angels record the good and bad deeds of
  every Muslim.
• 3. The prophet Mohammed is the messenger of God.
• 4. The Qur'an (the holy word of God revealed
  through Mohammed) and the Old and New Testaments.
• 5. The Day of Judgment. This is when it is
  decided if you will go to Heaven or Hell.
• 6. Predestination (the fate and future of each
  person that is decided by the Will of Allah)
• All Muslims should practice the five Pillars of
  Islam. (religious duties)
• Witness - stating your belief in God.
• Worship/Prayer - Praying to God five times a day
  facing Mecca.
• Charity - giving 2.5 of your wealth to the poor
  each year.
• Fasting - not eating, drinking, or smoking from
  dawn until dusk for the ninth month of the
  Islamic calendar. (Ramadan)
• Pilgrimage - Every person should visit the temple
  in Mecca (Saudi Arabia) at least once in their
  lifetime.

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Shia Islam

• The 4th caliph to be elected was Muhammads
  cousin (blood relative), Ali ibn Abi Talib,.
• Shi'a believe Ali was the first true caliph after
  Muhammad, because he was related to him.
• The Shia believe that Imams (leaders) should
  come from Muhammads family.

66
CRCT Test Prep pages 94-95

• 272. What issue led to the split between the
  Sunni and Shia in Islam?
• A. The Shia believed only Arabs could be
  Muslims.
• B. Arguments began over what should be included
  in the five Pillars.
• C. The Shia wanted to change the direction of
  prayer to Jerusalem rather than Mecca.
• D. They disagreed over who should lead the
  Muslim community after the death of Muhammad.
• D. They disagreed over who should lead the Muslim
  community after the death of Muhammad.

67
CRCT Test Prep pages 94-95

• 273. Why were the four leaders of the Muslims
  after Muhammads death called the Four Rightly
  Guided Caliphs??
• A. They had been friends of Muhammad..
• B. They had studied leadership for many years
  and were well prepared to rule.
• C. They arranged for a split in the community
  between Sunni and Shia Muslims.
• D. These men all ruled together so there could
  be no question about their decisions.
• A. They had been friends of Muhammad.

68
CRCT Test Prep pages 94-95Use graph on page 95.

• 274. What part of the population of Iran is
  Sunni?
• A. 9
• B. 33
• C. 64
• D. 89
• A. 9

69
CRCT Test Prep pages 94-95Use graph on page 95.

• 275. Which would be the BEST alternative for
  showing these data in another way?
• A. Use one circle graph.
• B. Use 2 line graphs.
• C. Use 2 circle graphs
• D. Use a line graph with 2 lines of different
  colors
• B. Use 2 circle graphs

70
CRCT Test Prep pages 94-95Use graph on page 95.

• 276. Which question could be answered using
  information from the graph?
• A. Which country has the most Shia Muslims?
• B. What part of the population of Iran is Hindu?
• C. What part of the population of Iraq is
  Christian?
• D. Which country has the highest proportion of
  its population as Shia Muslim?
• D. Which country has the highest proportion of
  its population as Shia Muslim?

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Project

• Choose a religious holiday from Judaism, Islam,
  or Christianity and make a poster.
• Due date to be announced

72
The Middle East Literacy VS. The Standard of
Living
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Guiding Question

• Does knowing how to read well affect how long you
  live?

74
GPS and E.Q.

• GPS SS7G8e. Evaluate how the literacy rate
  affects the standard of living.
• E.Q. How does the literacy rate affect the
  standard of living?

75
Activity

• G8e Compare literacy rates and standard of
  living in Turkey, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iraq,
  Iran, and Afghanistan using a graphic organizer
  (DRC).
• Standard of living life expectancy, infant
  mortality (death) rate, income, poverty rate
• Literacy rate of people age 15 and up who can
  read and write

76
DRC Literacy VS. Standard of Living
Use facts on following slides to complete chart
STANDARD OF LIVING COUNTRY LIFE EXPECTANCY INFANT MORTALITY RATE INCOME (GDP per capita) POVERTY RATE LITERACY RATE
Iraq
Iran
Turkey
Israel
Saudi Arabia
Afghanistan
77
Israel
???????? ??????????

• Infant mortality rate total 4.22 deaths/1,000
  live births
• Life expectancy at birth total population 80.73
  years
• Average Income 28,300 (2008 est.)
• Population below poverty line 21.6
• note Israel's poverty line is 7.30 per person
  per day (2005)
• Literacy total population 97.1
• male 98.5
• female 95.9 (2004 est.)

78
Iran
?????? ?????? ?????

• Infant mortality rate total 35.78 deaths/1,000
  live births
• Life expectancy at birth total population
  71.14 years
• Average Income 12,800 (2008 est.)
• Population below poverty line 18 (2007 est.)
• Literacy total population 77
• male 83.5
• female 70.4 (2002 est.)

79
Iraq
??????? ??????

• Infant mortality rate total 43.82 deaths/1,000
  live births
• Life expectancy at birth total population
  69.94 years
• Average Income 3,700 (2008 est.)
• Population below poverty line 20-25
• Literacy total population 74.1
• male 84.1
• female 64.2 (2000 est.)

80
Saudi Arabia

• Infant mortality rate total 11.57 deaths/1,000
  live births
• Life expectancy at birth total population 76.3
  years
• Average Income 20,500 (2008 est.)
• Population below poverty line1.6 to 30
  (320/mo or less)
• Literacy total population 78.8
• male 84.7
• female 70.8 (2003 est.)

81
Turkey
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti

• Infant mortality rate total 25.78 deaths/1,000
  live births
• Life expectancy at birth total population
  71.96 years
• Average Income 11,900 (2008 est.)
• Population below poverty line 20 (2002)
• Literacy total population 87.4
• male 95.3
• female 79.6 (2004 est.)

82
Afghanistan
?????? ?????? ?????????

• Infant mortality rate total 151.95
  deaths/1,000 live births
• Life expectancy at birth total population
  44.64 years
• GDP - per capita (PPP) 700 (2008 est.)
• Population below poverty line 53 (2003)
• Literacy total population 28.1
• male 43.1
• female 12.6 (2000 est.)

83
United States

• Infant mortality rate total 6.22 deaths/1,000
  live births
• Life expectancy at birth total population
  78.11 years
• Income 46,000 (2009 est.)
• Population below poverty line 12
• Literacy total population 99
• male 99
• female 99 (2006 est.)

84
(No Transcript)
85
Summary Write your answer in complete sentences
at the bottom of your chart.

• Which country had the highest literacy rate?
  Which country had the highest standard of living?
  How do these compare? Does literacy affect the
  standard of living?