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??Neil Campbell?Biology?4?,1996
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• 19441966?,???DNA????????????
• 19671978?,??DNA??????????
• 1979???,??DNA?????????????????

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• 1944?,Avery ??DNA?????
• 1950?,Chargaff ??Chargaff??
• 1953?,Watson Crick ?????DNA??????
• 1961?,Jacob Monod ???????????????

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• Nature 171, 737-734 (1953) (C) Macmillan
  Publishers Ltd.
• Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids
• WATSON, J. D. CRICK, F. H. C.
• Medical Research Council Unit for the Study of
  Molecular Structure of Biological Systems,
  Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge.

Figure 1 This figure is purely diagrammatic. The
two ribbons symbolize the two phophate-sugar
chains, and the horizonal rods the pairs of
bases holding the chains together. The vertical
line marks the fibre axis.
A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid We wish
to suggest a structure for the salt of
deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure
has novel features which are of considerable
biological interest.
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• 1970?,Smith Wilcox ??????????????
• 19721973?,Boyer Berg ?????DNA??,??????????????,
  ??????????
• 1975?,Southern ???DNA??????

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(No Transcript)
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• 1981?,Cech ???ribozyme
• 1982?,Prusiner ??????prion
• 1985?,Karry Mullis ???PCR??
• 1988?,?????????
• 1998?,???????,??GenBank ????????????

14
Initial sequencing and analysis of the human
genome Nature 409, 860 - 921 (2001), 15 February
2001 International Human Genome Sequencing
Consortium Whitehead Institute for Biomedical
Research, Center for Genome Research ERIC S.
LANDER1, LAUREN M. LINTON1, BRUCE BIRREN1, CHAD
NUSBAUM1, MICHAEL C. ZODY1, JENNIFER BALDWIN1,
KERI DEVON1, KEN DEWAR1, MICHAEL DOYLE1, WILLIAM
FITZHUGH1, ROEL FUNKE1, DIANE GAGE1, KATRINA
HARRIS1, ANDREW HEAFORD1, JOHN HOWLAND1, LISA
KANN1, JESSICA LEHOCZKY1, ROSIE LEVINE1, PAUL
MCEWAN1, KEVIN MCKERNAN1, JAMES MELDRIM1, JILL P.
MESIROV1, CHER MIRANDA1, WILLIAM MORRIS1, JEROME
NAYLOR1, CHRISTINA RAYMOND1, MARK ROSETTI1, RALPH
SANTOS1, ANDREW SHERIDAN1, CARRIE SOUGNEZ1,
NICOLE STANGE-THOMANN1, NIKOLA STOJANOVIC1,
ARAVIND SUBRAMANIAN1 DUDLEY WYMAN1 The Sanger
Centre JANE ROGERS2, JOHN SULSTON2, RACHAEL
AINSCOUGH2, STEPHAN BECK2, DAVID BENTLEY2, JOHN
BURTON2, CHRISTOPHER CLEE2, NIGEL CARTER2, ALAN
COULSON2, REBECCA DEADMAN2, PANOS DELOUKAS2,
ANDREW DUNHAM2, IAN DUNHAM2, RICHARD DURBIN2,
LISA FRENCH2, DARREN GRAFHAM2, SIMON GREGORY2,
TIM HUBBARD2, SEAN HUMPHRAY2, ADRIENNE HUNT2,
MATTHEW JONES2, CHRISTINE LLOYD2, AMANDA
MCMURRAY2, LUCY MATTHEWS2, SIMON MERCER2, SARAH
MILNE2, JAMES C. MULLIKIN2, ANDREW MUNGALL2,
ROBERT PLUMB2, MARK ROSS2, RATNA SHOWNKEEN2
SARAH SIMS2 Washington University Genome
Sequencing Center ROBERT H. WATERSTON3, RICHARD
K. WILSON3, LADEANA W. HILLIER3, JOHN D.
MCPHERSON3, MARCO A. MARRA3, ELAINE R. MARDIS3,
LUCINDA A. FULTON3, ASIF T. CHINWALLA3, KYMBERLIE
H. PEPIN3, WARREN R. GISH3, STEPHANIE L.
CHISSOE3, MICHAEL C. WENDL3, KIM D. DELEHAUNTY3,
TRACIE L. MINER3, ANDREW DELEHAUNTY3, JASON B.
KRAMER3, LISA L. COOK3, ROBERT S. FULTON3,
DOUGLAS L. JOHNSON3, PATRICK J. MINX3 SANDRA W.
CLIFTON3 US DOE Joint Genome Institute TREVOR
HAWKINS4, ELBERT BRANSCOMB4, PAUL PREDKI4, PAUL
RICHARDSON4, SARAH WENNING4, TOM SLEZAK4, NORMAN
DOGGETT4, JAN-FANG CHENG4, ANNE OLSEN4, SUSAN
LUCAS4, CHRISTOPHER ELKIN4, EDWARD UBERBACHER4
MARVIN FRAZIER4 Baylor College of Medicine Human
Genome Sequencing Center RICHARD A. GIBBS5,
DONNA M. MUZNY5, STEVEN E. SCHERER5, JOHN B.
BOUCK5, ERICA J. SODERGREN5, KIM C. WORLEY5,
CATHERINE M. RIVES5, JAMES H. GORRELL5, MICHAEL
L. METZKER5, SUSAN L. NAYLOR6, RAJU S.
KUCHERLAPATI7, DAVID L. NELSON GEORGE M.
WEINSTOCK8 RIKEN Genomic Sciences
Center YOSHIYUKI SAKAKI9, ASAO FUJIYAMA9,
MASAHIRA HATTORI9, TETSUSHI YADA9, ATSUSHI
TOYODA9, TAKEHIKO ITOH9, CHIHARU KAWAGOE9, HIDEMI
WATANABE9, YASUSHI TOTOKI9 TODD TAYLOR9
Genoscope and CNRS UMR-8030 JEAN WEISSENBACH10,
ROLAND HEILIG10, WILLIAM SAURIN10, FRANCOIS
ARTIGUENAVE10, PHILIPPE BROTTIER10, THOMAS
BRULS10, ERIC PELLETIER10, CATHERINE ROBERT10
PATRICK WINCKER10 GTC Sequencing Center DOUGLAS
R. SMITH11, LYNN DOUCETTE-STAMM11, MARC
RUBENFIELD11, KEITH WEINSTOCK11, HONG MEI LEE11
JOANN DUBOIS11 Department of Genome Analysis,
Institute of Molecular Biotechnology ANDRé
ROSENTHAL12, MATTHIAS PLATZER12, GERALD
NYAKATURA12, STEFAN TAUDIEN12 ANDREAS RUMP12
Beijing Genomics Institute/Human Genome
Center HUANMING YANG13, JUN YU13, JIAN WANG13,
GUYANG HUANG14 JUN GU15 Multimegabase
Sequencing Center, The Institute for Systems
Biology LEROY HOOD16, LEE ROWEN16, ANUP MADAN16
SHIZEN QIN16 Stanford Genome Technology
Center RONALD W. DAVIS17, NANCY A. FEDERSPIEL17,
A. PIA ABOLA17 MICHAEL J. PROCTOR17 Stanford
Human Genome Center RICHARD M. MYERS18, JEREMY
SCHMUTZ18, MARK DICKSON18, JANE GRIMWOOD18
DAVID R. COX18 University of Washington Genome
Center MAYNARD V. OLSON19, RAJINDER KAUL19
CHRISTOPHER RAYMOND19 Department of Molecular
Biology, Keio University School of
Medicine NOBUYOSHI SHIMIZU20, KAZUHIKO
KAWASAKI20 SHINSEI MINOSHIMA20 University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas GLEN
A. EVANS21?, MARIA ATHANASIOU21 ROGER SCHULTZ21
University of Oklahoma's Advanced Center for
Genome Technology BRUCE A. ROE22, FENG CHEN22
HUAQIN PAN22 Max Planck Institute for Molecular
Genetics JULIANE RAMSER23, HANS LEHRACH23
RICHARD REINHARDT23 Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome
Center W. RICHARD MCCOMBIE24, MELISSA DE LA
BASTIDE24 NEILAY DEDHIA24 GBFGerman Research
Centre for Biotechnology HELMUT BL?CKER25, KLAUS
HORNISCHER25 GABRIELE NORDSIEK25
15
The Sequence of the Human Genome J. Craig
Venter, Mark D. Adams, Eugene W. Myers, Peter W.
Li, Richard J. Mural, Granger G. Sutton, Hamilton
O. Smith, Mark Yandell, Cheryl A. Evans, Robert
A. Holt, Jeannine D. Gocayne, Peter Amanatides,
Richard M. Ballew, Daniel H. Huson, Jennifer
Russo Wortman, Qing Zhang, Chinnappa D. Kodira,
Xiangqun H. Zheng, Lin Chen, Marian Skupski,
Gangadharan Subramanian, Paul D. Thomas, Jinghui
Zhang, George L. Gabor Miklos, Catherine Nelson,
Samuel Broder, Andrew G. Clark,4 Joe Nadeau,
Victor A. McKusick, Norton Zinder, Arnold J.
Levine, Richard J. Roberts,8 Mel Simon, Carolyn
Slayman, Michael Hunkapiller, Randall Bolanos,
Arthur Delcher, Ian Dew, Daniel Fasulo, Michael
Flanigan, Liliana Florea, Aaron Halpern, Sridhar
Hannenhalli, Saul Kravitz, Samuel Levy, Clark
Mobarry, Knut Reinert, Karin Remington, Jane
Abu-Threideh, Ellen Beasley, Kendra Biddick,
Vivien Bonazzi, Rhonda Brandon, Michele Cargill,
Ishwar handramouliswaran, Rosane Charlab, Kabir
Chaturvedi, Zuoming Deng, Valentina Di Francesco,
Patrick Dunn, Karen Eilbeck, Carlos Evangelista,
Andrei E. Gabrielian, Weiniu Gan, Wangmao Ge,
Fangcheng Gong, Zhiping Gu, Ping Guan, Thomas J.
Heiman, Maureen E. Higgins, Rui-Ru Ji, Zhaoxi Ke,
Karen A. Ketchum, Zhongwu Lai, Yiding Lei, Zhenya
Li, Jiayin Li, Yong Liang, Xiaoying Lin, Fu Lu,
Gennady V. Merkulov, Natalia Milshina, Helen M.
Moore, Ashwinikumar K Naik, Vaibhav A. Narayan,
Beena Neelam, Deborah Nusskern, Douglas B. Rusch,
Steven Salzberg, Wei Shao, Bixiong Shue, Jingtao
Sun, Zhen Yuan Wang, Aihui Wang, Xin Wang, Jian
Wang, Ming-Hui Wei, Ron Wides, Chunlin Xiao,
Chunhua Yan, Alison Yao, Jane Ye, Ming Zhan,
Weiqing Zhang, Hongyu Zhang, Qi Zhao, Liansheng
Zheng, Fei Zhong, Wenyan Zhong, Shiaoping C. Zhu,
Shaying Zhao, Dennis Gilbert, Suzanna Baumhueter,
Gene Spier, Christine Carter, Anibal Cravchik,
Trevor Woodage, Feroze Ali, Huijin An, Aderonke
Awe, Danita Baldwin, Holly Baden, Mary Barnstead,
Ian Barrow, Karen eeson, Dana Busam, Amy Carver,
Angela Center, Ming Lai Cheng, Liz Curry, Steve
Danaher, Lionel Davenport, Raymond Desilets,
Susanne Dietz, Kristina Dodson, Lisa Doup, Steven
Ferriera, Neha Garg, Andres Gluecksmann, Brit
Hart, Jason Haynes, Charles Haynes, Cheryl
Heiner, Suzanne Hladun, Damon Hostin, Jarrett
Houck, Timothy Howland, Chinyere Ibegwam, Jeffery
Johnson, Francis Kalush, Lesley Kline, Shashi
Koduru, Amy Love, Felecia Mann, David May, Steven
McCawley, Tina McIntosh, Ivy McMullen, Mee Moy,
Linda Moy, Brian Murphy, Keith Nelson, Cynthia
Pfannkoch, Eric Pratts, Vinita Puri, Hina
Qureshi, Matthew Reardon, Robert Rodriguez,
Yu-Hui Rogers, Deanna Romblad, Bob Ruhfel,
Richard Scott, Cynthia Sitter, Michelle
Smallwood, rin Stewart, Renee Strong, Ellen Suh,
Reginald Thomas, Ni Ni Tint, Sukyee Tse, Claire
Vech, Gary Wang, Jeremy Wetter, Sherita Williams,
Monica Williams, Sandra Windsor, Emily Winn-Deen,
Keriellen Wolfe, Jayshree Zaveri, Karena Zaveri,
Josep F. Abril,4 Roderic Guigó,4 Michael J.
Campbell, Kimmen V. Sjolander, Brian Karlak,
Anish Kejariwal, Huaiyu Mi, Betty Lazareva,
Thomas Hatton, Apurva Narechania, Karen Diemer,
Anushya Muruganujan, Nan Guo, Shinji Sato, Vineet
Bafna, Sorin Istrail, Ross Lippert, Russell
Schwartz, Brian Walenz, Shibu Yooseph, David
Allen, Anand Basu, James Baxendale, Louis Blick,
Marcelo Caminha, John Carnes-Stine, Parris Caulk,
Yen-Hui Chiang, My Coyne, Carl Dahlke, Anne
Deslattes Mays, Maria Dombroski, Michael
Donnelly, Dale Ely, Shiva Esparham, Carl Fosler,
Harold Gire, Stephen Glanowski, Kenneth Glasser,
Anna Glodek, Mark Gorokhov, Ken Graham, Barry
Gropman, Michael Harris, Jeremy Heil, Scott
Henderson, Jeffrey Hoover, Donald Jennings,
Catherine Jordan, James Jordan, John Kasha,
Leonid Kagan, Cheryl Kraft, Alexander Levitsky,
Mark Lewis, Xiangjun Liu, John Lopez, Daniel Ma,
William Majoros, Joe McDaniel, Sean Murphy,
Matthew Newman, Trung Nguyen, Ngoc Nguyen, Marc
Nodell, Sue Pan, Jim Peck, Marshall Peterson,
William Rowe, Robert Sanders, John Scott, Michael
Simpson, Thomas Smith, Arlan Sprague, Timothy
Stockwell, Russell Turner, Eli Venter, Mei Wang,
Meiyuan Wen, David Wu, Mitchell Wu, Ashley Xia,
Ali Zandieh, Xiaohong Zhu
16
Whats Human Genome Project? One base One
dollar! - by a taxi driver (and a tax payer)
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Do your experiment, at least once a year! -
Sydney Brenner
Discovery can not be planned - Antonie Danchin
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Thank you for your patience!