DNA

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DNA

• by C. Stephen Murray

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• All life stores its genetic code in a molecule
  called DNA.

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• All life stores its genetic code in a molecule
  called DNA.

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• Phosphate and deoxyribose make up the side.

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Add a nitrogen base

• now its a nucleotide.

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• Many make a double helix, if you add another
  side.

Sugar phosphate backbone (side)
Nitrogen base pairs
Nitrogen base
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• Here in the nucleus the DNA must remain

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• Before it takes a ride it must transcribe to the
  messenger RNA.

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Ribosomes are the little dots.

• All life moves its genetic code to the ribosomes
  as mRNA.

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mRNA
nucleus
DNA
ribosomes

• All life moves its genetic code to the ribosomes
  as mRNA.

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Phosphate and just ribose make up the side.
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Of course a nitrogen base

• makes it a nucleotide.

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• But mRNA is not a ladder, for it has only 1 side.
  

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mRNA
nucleus
DNA
ribosomes

• The mRNA goes to the ribosome where the proteins
  must be formed.

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• But before they can be made it must translate to
  the transfer RNA.

Translation
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• Proteins are formed in the ribosomes with the
  help of the tRNA.

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• Proteins are formed in the ribosomes

when amino acids carried by each tRNA combine!
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• So where is this genetic code that distinguishes
  you from me?

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• Its in the sequence of the nitrogen bases that
  together form our genes.

ATTCGATCGGACT
Genes form chromosomes
Nitrogen base sequence
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• When it makes a mistake when it replicates this
  is when DNA can mutate.

Original ATTCGATCGGACT
Mutation - ATTGATCGGACT
C was deleted
Original ATTCGATCGGACT
Mutation - ATTCGATACGGACT
A was inserted
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• But if it doesnt pass to the offspring it
  doesnt really matter at all.

DNA
Mutation to ribosomes No problem
Mutation to egg or sperm Passes to offspring
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• When it replicates each nitrogen base always has
  to pair in a certain way.

Original1 DNA
Replicas2 DNAs
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• For Adenine pairs with Thymine

And Cytosine pairs with Guanine
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• Unless its RNA

DNA
U
mRNA
then Uracil replaces Thymine.
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• All life stores its genetic code in a molecule
  called DNA.

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• All life stores its genetic code in a molecule
  called DNA.