INDUSTRIAL LEADERS

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INDUSTRIAL LEADERS
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CORNELIUS VANDERBILT

• RAILROAD
• SUMMER COTTAGE

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John D. RockefellerOil

• Country Home
• Winter Home
• On the Cover of a Popular Magazine
• Mansion
• Stock Certificate

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J. P. MorganBanking/Finance

• Photograph

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Andrew CarnegieSteel

• Photograph

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Philanthropy

• Carnegie's Millions to Library
• Rockefeller's Contributions
• Vanderbilt and Education
• J. P. Morgan's Contributions

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Industry Expansion
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Economic Transformation/Growth

• Laissez-faire capitalism
• Special considerations by government
• Land grants to RR builders
• Increasing labor supply
• Immigration
• Migration from farms to cities
• Wealth of natural resources
• Rivers
• Oil, Coal, Iron

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Big Business
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Business Structures

• The Corportation
• Vertical Integration
• Bought suppliers of raw materials
• Example Carnegie bought iron and coal companies
• Horizontal Integration
• Bought companies that sold product
• Example Carnegie bought other steel companies
• Example J.D.Rockefeller and Oil

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Business Structures

• Trusts
• A place to hide ownership of other companies
• Monopolies
• Sole owner of a product
• Examples Rockefeller and Standard Oil
• and others

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Government Response to Monopolies and Trusts

• Laissez-Faire Economics
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890
• Prevents monopolies or prevents any business that
  restrains trade
• Weak, not well-enforced
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act
• Gave teeth to (expanded) Sherman Anti-Trust Act
• Outlaws price-fixing
• Example Railroads
• Exempts unions from Sherman Act
• Enforced

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Working Conditions

• Dangerous working conditions
• Long hours, low wages, no job security
• No benefits (accident, health or retirement)
• Company town
• Example Mining towns
• Employment of women, immigrants, children
• Child Labor
• Coal Mining
• Hine's Pics

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Robber Barons?

• A Question of Philanthropy

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Unions

• Collective Bargaining
• Goals higher wages, shorter workdays/weeks
• Notice to workers an attempt to organize

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Example of Unions

• Knights of Labor
• Early labor union
• Declines after failure of strikes
• American Federation of Labor
• Samuel Gompers
• American Railway Union
• Eugene Debs
• Union of all workers

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Examples of Unions

• Industrial Ladies Garment Workers Union
• Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Tragedy
• Factory

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Examples of Stikes
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Haymarket Square

• Chicagos Haymarket Square
• Bomb explodes during demonstration in support of
  striking workers
• Several people die

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Homestead Stike

• Steel workers and Pinkerton Guards battle
• Several people die

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Pullman Strike

• Led by Eugene Debs and American Railway Union
• Federal Troops called to break strike
• Violence erupts

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Immigration
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ImmigrationPrior to 1877 From 1871 to 1921

• Northern Western Europe
• Examples Germany, Great Britain, Ireland,
  Norway, and Sweden

• Southern Eastern Europe
• Examples Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Hungary,
  Yugoslavia, and Asia (China Japan)

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Ellis Island

• Immigrants arrived from Europe
• First stop, Ellis Island in New York
• Statue of Liberty
• Came by boat across the Atlantic
• Ellis Island Records

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Why Become an Immigrant?

• Freedom (political, economic, religious)
• Better economic opportunities
• Better living standard for families

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Contributions of Immigrants

• Chinese help build transcontinental RR
• Worked as laborers in textile and steel mills of
  Northeast
• Helped build the clothing industry in NYC
• Slavs, Italians, Poles worked in coal mines in
  the East

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Process of Assimilation

• American Melting pot
• Schools important to teaching American values
• Immigrants learned English, American customs,
  became American citizens
• However, often lived in ethnic neighborhoods

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Hardships Hostility

• Fear resentment by other Americans that
  immigrants would take their jobs
• Fear Resentment that immigrants would accept
  lower pay
• Prejudice based on religious differences
• Prejudice based on cultural differences

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Immigration Laws Change

• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
• Immigration Restriction Act of 1921
• Both laws limited or cut-off immigration to
  American for several decades

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Growth of Cities

• Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, New
  York
• As a result of industrial growth
• Cities became manufacturing and transportation
  centers

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Living Conditions in the Cities

• Tenements
• Slums
• Crowded conditions
• Sanitary Conditions Poor
• How the Other Half Lives (Riis)

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Rapid Growth of Cities Impact

• Housing shortages
• Need for new public services
• Sewage
• Water systems
• Public transportation
• NYC First subway system
• Trolley or streetcar lines

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Progressive Movement
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Goals of Progressive Movement

• Government controlled by people
• Guaranteed economic opportunities through
  government regulation
• Elimination of social injustices

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Progressive Accomplishments in Local Governments

• New forms to meet needs of increasing
  urbanization
• Commission council manager

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Progressive Accomplishments in State Governments

• Referendum
• Initiative
• Recall

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Progressive Accomplishments in Elections

• Primary Elections
• Secret Ballot
• Direct election of U.S. Senators
• 17th Amendment

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Progressive Accomplishments in Child Labor

• Muckraking literature describing abuses of child
  labor
• Child labor laws

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Impact of Labor Unions

• At first, not very successful
• Labor supply high so strikes unsuccessful
• Violence linked to Unions (strikes)
• Eventually, gains made
• Limited work hours
• Regulated work conditions

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Anti-Trust Laws

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act

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Womens Suffrage

• Forerunner of modern protest movement
• Benefited from strong leadership
• Susan B. Anthony
• Encouraged women to enter labor force during WWI
• Resulted in 19th Amendment to Constitution
• Womens Right to Vote

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The South
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Discrimination Segregation in the South

• Jim Crow laws
• Forced separation of races in public places
• Black Codes
• KKK
• Intimidation and Crimes against African Americans
• lynchings

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Response to Discrimination Segregation

• Courts became focus for redress, safeguard rights
• Plessy v. Fergusson
• separate but equal did not violate 14th
  Amendment
• Jim Crow laws upheld

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Great Migration

• In early 20th century
• Southern African Americans move to Northern
  cities
• Searching for jobs, escape poverty
  discrimination in the South

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Responses by Leaders
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Ida B. Wells

• Led anti-lynching campaign
• Pushed federal government to take action

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Booker T. Washington

• The way to equality was through vocational
  education economic success
• He accepted social separation
• Up From Slavery

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W.E.B.Du Bois

• Supported college education
• Education was meaningless without equality
• Supported political equality
• Helped form the NAACP National Association for
  the Advancement of Colored People
• The Souls of Black Folk