Animal welfare: Introduction ??????

1
Animal welfare Introduction??????

• Module 1
• ??1

2
This module will enable you to????????

• Distinguish between animal welfare science,
  ethics and law ???????????????????
• Become familiar with the concept of animal
  needs?????????
• Understand??
• the 3 different concepts (physical, mental and
  natural) included in definitions of
  welfare???????(????????)
• the relationship between death and
  welfare??????????
• the role of anthropomorphism??????

3
What is the welfare of two pet cats with infected
bite wounds???????????????

• CAT 1
• Owners noticed a
  problem two weeks
  
  ago but did not take
  the cat to
  the vet ?????????,???????????
• CAT 2
• The cat was missing for 2 weeks. When the cat
  returned, the owners took her to the vet
  ????????,????,?????????

4
Animal Welfare Science, Ethics and Law????????????

• Welfare science measures the effect on animals of
  different situations and environments, from the
  animals point of view??????????,?????????????????
  ?
• Welfare ethics concerns how humans should treat
  animals???????????????
• Welfare law concerns how humans must treat
  animals???????????????

5
Animal Welfare Science, Ethics and Law????????????

• All three aspects are important for welfare
  ???????????
• Some presentations focus on 1 aspect e.g.
• ??????????
• Science physiological indicators ????????
• Ethics introduction to ethics ???????
• Law protection legislation ????????
• Other presentations cover all 3 aspects e.g.
  ?????????
• Farm animal husbandry ??????

6
Scientific research the basics

• Hypothesis??
• Experiment / Observational study??/?????
• Control bias????
• Sample size ????
• Control groups ???
• Randomisation????
• Blinding??
• Correct statistical method and interpretation?????
  ?????

7
What is the welfare status of this dog????????????

• Oral tumour ????
• Has spread to local lymph nodes
• ??????????
• Current welfare?????
• ????????
• ?????
• Future welfare?????
• ????????
• ???? ?????

8
Two animal welfare concepts??????????
9
Three animal welfare concepts??????????
Naturalness ??
Restrict natural behaviour??????
Diagram after Appleby, MC. In Appleby, MC and
Hughes, BO. 1997 Animal Welfare. CAB International
10
Example sows in stalls????????

• Naturalness??
• ????
• ????
• Physical??
• ?????????
  
• Mental??
• Frustration? ???
• Pain from mouth injuries????????

11
Three welfare definitions??????

• Physical status (fitness) ?????(??)
• Biological indicators including reproduction and
  production?????????????
• Mental status (feelings)?????
• Positive and negative emotional states??????????
• Naturalness (telos)??(?????)

12
Definitions Physical status???????

• Fraser Broom, (1990)Welfare defines the state
  of an animal as regards its attempts to cope with
  its environment. ????????????????
• McGlone, (1993)I suggest that an animal is in a
  poor state of welfare only when physiological
  systems are disturbed to the point that survival
  or reproduction are impaired. ????????????????????
  ???????????
• Moberg, (1985)..the only defensible measurement
  of well-being in animals is to determine if the
  animal is suffering from stress. Furthermore, I
  believe that the most appropriate indicator of
  stress is the appearance of a pre-pathological
  state.??????????????????????????,????,????????????
  ??????????? ?

13
Definitions Mental status???????

• Duncan(1993)?????????????????????????????????????
  ??? (..neither health nor lack of stress nor
  fitness is necessary and/or sufficient to
  conclude that an animal has good welfare. Welfare
  is dependent upon what animals feel. )
• Dawkins (1988) ?????????????????,?????????????(To
  be concerned about animal welfare is to be
  concerned with the subjective feelings of
  animals, particularly the unpleasant subjective
  feelings of suffering and pain.)
• Bentheam (1789) ???????????,???????,?????????(The
  question is not, can they reason? Nor, can they
  talk? But, can they suffer?)

14
Definitions Naturalness???????

• Rollin, (1993)???????????????,???????????????,???
  ???(Not only will welfare mean control of pain
  and suffering, it will also entail nurturing and
  fulfilment of the animals nature, which I call
  telos.)(??telos??????)
• Brambell, (1965) ???,????????????????????????????
  ?????????(In principle, we disapprove of a degree
  of confinement of an animal which necessarily
  frustrates most of the major activities which
  make up its natural behaviour.. )
• Kiley-Worthington, (1989) ????????????????,?????
  ????????????,?????????(If we believe in
  evolution in order to avoid suffering, it is
  necessary over a period of time for the animal to
  perform all the behaviours in its repertoire
  because it is all functional )

15
Relationship between the three definitions????????
?
?????????????
Natural Behaviour
Mental Suffering
?????
?????
Physical Fitness
?????
16
Combined definition?????

• Some definitions combine two or three aspects
  e.g.???????????????????
• Welfare consists of the combined state of the
  animals mind and body, and the extent to which
  its nature is satisfied ?????????????????????????
  ??
• Fit and feeling good ????????(Webster 2005)
• The Five Freedoms (Farm Animal Welfare Council,
  1992) are often used as a framework to assess
  animal welfare????(????????1992)??????????????
• ???????(hunger and thirst)???
• ????(discomfort)???
• ???????(pain, injury and disease)???
• ???????(express normal behaviour)???
• ???????(fear and distress)???

17
The concept of needs?????

• Need a requirement, fundamental in the biology
  of the animal, to obtain a particular resource or
  respond to a particular environmental or bodily
  stimulus (Broom Johnson, 1993)????????????????,
  ????????????????????????
• If a need is not met, this will affect physiology
  or behaviour. E.g.?????????,?????????
• If you can link a physiological sign to the
  absence of a certain resource, the animal lacks
  humane care in that area??????????????????,???????
  ?????????

18
Hierarchy of needs???????

• Some needs may be more important than others
  ?????????????
• Provision of food and water is a fundamental
  need???????????????
• Provision of a comfortable lying area may be
  less fundamental???????????????
• ?????? gt ?????? gt ?????? (Hurnik Lehman,
  1985)

19
Needs e.g. legislation?????

• The owner and keeper of the animals shall have
  regard to their physiological and ethological
  (behaviour) needs in accordance with established
  experience and scientific knowledge??????????????
  ??????????????
• Council of Europe (1976)
• ????(1976)

20
Welfare versus death???????

• Welfare concerns the quality of animal life
• ???????????????
• Death affects the quantity of animal life
• ????????????(??)
• Quality and quantity of life may be ethical
  concerns????????????????

21
When is death relevant to welfare????????????????

• The manner of death is relevant
• ?????????
• e.g. method of slaughter is important
• ????????
• High death rates can indicate poor welfare
  conditions
• ?????????????
• Poor husbandry conditions can cause disease and
  death?????????????????

22
AnthropomorphismShould we assign human
attributes to animals????????????

• Humans are animals with similar
  biology????????????
• However, each type of animal has different
  behavioural needs????????????????
• Using a human-based assessment may be a useful
  first step ???????????????????
• This assessment must be qualified with the
  individual animals needs???????????????

23
Conclusions / Summary??/??

• It is important to distinguish between the
  various components of animal welfare
  ???????????????---????????
• Science
• Ethics
• Legislation
• Animal welfare definitions are derived from three
  basic concepts ???????????????---????????
• Physical
• Mental
• Natural

24
Further reading????

• Anon 1992. Farm Animal Welfare Council updates
  the Five Freedoms. Vet Record 131 357
• Bentham J. 1789. An Introduction to the Principle
  of Morals and Legislation. Athlone Press,
  re-printed 1970.
• Broom DM, Johnson KG. 1993. Stress and Animal
  Welfare. Chapman and Hall ISBN 0412395800
• Brambell Committee 1965. Report of the Technical
  Committee to Enquire into the Welfare of
  Livestock kept under Intensive Husbandry Systems.
  Command Report 2836. Her Majestys Stationery
  Office, London
• Council of Europe 1976. European Convention for
  the Protection of Animals kept for Farming
  Purposes http//conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/
  QueVoulezVous.asp?NT087CM1DFCLENG CETS
  No. 087
• Dawkins M. 1988 Behavioural deprivation A
  central problem in animal welfare. J Appl Anim
  Behav Sci 20 209-225

25
Further reading????

• Duncan IJD 1993. Welfare is to do with what
  animals feel. J Agric Environ Ethics (Special
  Suppl 2) 8-14
• Fraser, AF Broom DM. 1990. Farm Animal Behaviour
  and Welfare, 3rd edition. Bailliere Tindall,
  London, England
• Hurnik JF, Lehmann H. 1985. The philosophy of
  animal welfare. A contribution to the assessment
  of farm animal wellbeing. In Wegner RM (ed).
  Second European Symposium on Poultry Welfare,
  Celle, Germany
• Kiley-Worthington M. 1989.Ecological, ethological
  and ethically sound environments for animals.
  Towards symbiosis. J Agric Ethics 2 323-347.
• McGlone J 1993. What is animal welfare? J Agric
  Environ Ethics (Special Suppl 2) 26
• Moberg GP 1985. Biological response to stress
  key to assessment of animal well-being? In Animal
  stress (Ed. Moberg, G. P.) American Physiological
  Society, Bethesda, Maryland. 27-49.

26
Further reading????

• Morton DB. 2000. A systematic approach for
  establishing humane endpoints. Institute for Lab
  Animal Research Journal 4180-86.
• Rollin B. Animal welfare, science and value. J
  Agric Environ Ethics (Special Suppl 2) 8-14
• Seamer JH 1993. Farm animal welfare in Britain.
  SCAW (Scientists for Animal Welfare) Newsletter
  14(4) 13-14
• Webster J 2005. Animal Welfare. Limping towards
  Eden. Blackwell, Oxford.

27
Further reading????

• APPLEBY, M.C. and HUGHES, B.O., 1997 Animal
  Welfare. CAB International ISBN 0851991807
• BEAUCHAMP, T.L. and CHILDRESS, J.F., 1994
  Principles of Biomedical Ethics (4th Ed.) Oxford
  University Press ISBN 0195143329
• BROOM, D.M. and JOHNSON, K.G., 1993 Stress and
  Animal Welfare. Chapman and Hall ISBN 0412395800
• DAWKINS, M.S., 1998 Through our eyes only? A
  Journey into Animal Consciousness. Oxford
  University Press ISBN 0198503202
• NORMAN GR, STREINER DL. 2000 Biostatistics the
  bare essentials. 2nd edition Mosby St Louis.
  ISBN-10 1550091239
• MARTIN P, BATESON P. 2007. Measuring Behaviour
  (3rd edition). Cambridge University Press.
  ISBN-10 0521535638
• MANNING, A.N. and DAWKINS, M.S., 1998 An
  Introduction into Animal Behaviour (5th Ed.)
  Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521578914

28
Further reading????

• ROLLIN, B.E., 1999 An Introduction to Veterinary
  Ethics Theory and Cases. Iowa State University
  Press ISBN 0813816599
• WEBSTER, A.J.F., 1994 Animal Welfare A cool eye
  towards Eden. Blackwell ISBN 0632039280