SAFETY ISSUES

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SAFETY ISSUES OF ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION IN
RUSSIAN FEDERATION BRIEF REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF
ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES
Irina Prokopyeva, New-Zima Heat-Electric
Generating Station of Irkutskenergo Corp,
Sayansk, Irkutsk Region, RF Andrey
Trufanov, Irkutsk State Technical University,
Irkutsk, RF
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1. Introduction into Electric Power
Industry Fundamental problems relating to the
prosperity of mankind include food, environment,
energy, and health. Energy Supplement Continuity
supplies all the modern technologies
processing. Electric power industry for Public
Health Electricity is the lifeblood of a
hospital. Accidents and emergencies in electric
power industry In whole energy systems might be
referred to national critical
infrastructure. The National Strategy for
Homeland Security in the US categorizes critical
infrastructures into the following
sectors Agriculture, Food, Water, Public Health,
Emergency Services, Government, Defense
Industrial Base, Information and
Telecommunications, Energy, Transportation,
Banking and Finance, Chemical Industry and
Hazardous Materials, Postal and
Shipping Accidents and emergencies , in any
critical industry , may be caused by natural
disasters or by technical failures, by personnel
errors or terrorist attacks . Accidents in
electric industry result to the following
consequences - Outage of consumers -
Influence on sensitive institutions (medical ,
sanitary, air traffic control, law-enforcement
etc.) - Transport problems - Outage of ICT
devices - Outage of devices of storage of foods
- Influence on system failures of functioning
of dangerous industrial units- Emergency
protection and action of the personnel on nuclear
energy units - environment damage .
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2. Electric power systems Usually an
electric power system of any country is a group
of generation, transmission, distribution,
communication, and other facilities that are
physically connected and operated as a single
unit under one control. Specificity of
electric power systems -Because electricity
cannot be stored, it must be generated,
transmitted to the consumer, and consumed
instantaneously. -Electric utility companies
world wide have been treated as monopolies
because duplicate facilities, particularly
transmission and distribution lines, would be
inefficient. -Accident at one unit impacts on
the whole Electric System and might cause a
crisis in the vast region -Events happen faster
than experts are able to react to them. 3.
Reorganization of power system in Russia From
technical operators to organizers. The
privatization and market competition have
resulted in radical change of a control
system. The government of the Russian Federation
in July, 2001 nevertheless has concluded the
decision ¹ 526 About reforming electric power
industry of the Russian Federation which
provided division of a uniform electropower
complex into numerous commercial structures on
generating , Transmission, distribution and
selling electric power. The decision reflected
interests of management of RAO UES (the United
Energy System of Russia) Corp, . In 2003 the
Act About electric power industry , has
started liquidation of regional power Joint-stock
companies - association of federal power
generating stations of the wholesale market in
incorporated generating companies , and also
breakage of the centralized system of dispatching
management of electric power complex of the
country.
SAFETY ISSUES OF ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
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• 4. US experience in electric power industry
• The power industry of the US is experienced to
  the condition of market
• There are five functioning independent system
  operators (ISOs) in the United States.
• 16 756 generating companies in the US have a
  total capacity of 1 000 000 MWts
• Transmission of electric power is utilized
  through The Interconnected Networks
• The U.S. bulk power system has evolved into three
  major networks (power grids)
• the Eastern Interconnected System,
• the Western Interconnected System, and
• the Texas Interconnected System.
• Virtually all U.S. utilities are interconnected
  with at least one other utility by these three
  major grids. The bulk power system makes it
  possible for utilities to engage in wholesale
  (for resale) electric power trade.
• However whole sale trading does not lead
  automatically to greater reliability
• Scale blackout in USA in 2003 -
• On August 14, 2003, a series of power surges over
  a 12-second period triggered a cascade of
  shutdowns at more than 100 generating plants
  throughout eight U.S. states and Ontario. The
  result was the biggest blackout in North American
  history. 61,800 megawatts of power were lost to
  over 50 million people.

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• 5. Reliability of the Russian power supply system
  
• Russia severe climate and extremely high
  level of energy consumption .
• Russian market partisan experts almost exclude
  an opportunity of a power interruption within the
  country
• In USA there is no integrated power system
  providing operative redirection of the electric
  flow from one region to another
• Moreover the American system has no uniform
  dispatching centre similar to Russian system
  operator.
• In FSU countries, power systems work in
  parallel in 1998 NIS members signed such the
  agreement and supported the work that reduces
  risk of outages up to a minimum.
• 6. Recent accidents in Russian electric power
  industry
• Contrary to above-stated arguments Russia has
  faced to frequent large scale failures in
  electric supply -
• May, 2005 About a thousand residential blocks
  in the south, southeast and southwest of Moscow
  and downtown did not have electricity, 113
  kindergartens and 106 schools, one maternity
  home, one tuberculosis sanatorium and other
  establishments (a total of 219 educational
  establishments and three healthcare facilities)
  had no electricity.
• June, 2005 electricity outage in
• - Dubna, Moscow region, as a consequence of
  hurricane , that damages power transmission lines
  
• -Blagovestshensk, Amur region as a result of
  energy energetic step that generates outage of
  central transmission substation and consequent
  cascade outage of smaller substations
• regional hospital had had no electricity for 1
  hour as its emergency power supply equipment
  failed.
• July 2005 electricity outage in

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7. No access to realistic information on
accidents and emergencies in electric power
industry There is no data on accidents on the
map of the site of RAO UES Corp.
(http//www.rao-ees.ru/ru/internet/map.cgi) nor
in the report of The federal network company
of Uniform power system (http//www.fsk-ees.ru
/ru/) Russian Search Engine Yandex
(http//www.yandex.ru/ ) proposed 4 sites with no
references to concrete figures and digits when it
is required Accidents and emergencies in
electric power industry. 8-1. Accidents and
Emergencies in Electric Power Production
Corporation
Irkutskenergo
Irkutskenergo Corporation is the third largest
power generating company in Russian Federation
and is number one in Asian part of the country.
Generator Nameplate Capacity (MW) of the
Irkutskenergo Corp - 12881,6 ?W. In 2004 by
units Irkutskenergo Corp produced 53 , 717
billion kWh . The corproration 3
hydroelectric power stations, 12 thermal power
stations, 5 Electric grids, 3 heat grids,
Trading company, Renovation Company "
Irkutskenergoremont, and Civil engineering
Company " Irkutskenergostroy" The cost price of
electric energy for 2004 has made 0.7 cent/kWh,
The tariff for the electric power for urban
population makes 1.1 cent/kWh More than 12000
persons work for the corporation
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• 8-2. Accidents and Emergencies in Electric
  Power Production Corporation
• 
  Irkutskenergo
• Total of technological infringements, including
  failures and incidents in 2004 in Comparison
  with 2003 (( In brackets )
• - incidents 202 (266),
• - principal accidents (1 )
• - Total short-delivery of electric energy -
  2140.6 ( 818.41) MWh
• - Total short-delivery of heat energy - 2.7
  ( 0.67) GBtu
• Economic damage on all infringements 4,368
  (4,170) M roubles
• technological infringements
• 1(1) - Infringement of treaty obligations on
  delivery of energy
• 1 (0) - Damage of technological buildings,
  constructions,
• 1 (0) - Full dump of electric or thermal loading
  of unit
• 103 (99) - Damage of the equipment of unit

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• 8-3. Accidents and Emergencies in Electric
  Power Production Corporation
• 
  Irkutskenergo
• b) infringement of conditions of safe operation
  of a dangerous industrial target
• 66 (44) - The boiler equipment
• 3 (4 )- The turbine equipment
• 2(0) - The auxiliary thermal-mechanical
  equipment
• 9(9) - The electrotechnical equipment
• 1(0) - Natural disaster impact
• c) infringements of organizing rules and codes
• 11 (16 )- Inaccurate or Unauthorized actions of
  operators
• 6 (9)- Inaccurate or Unauthorized actions of
  the personnel of services
• 15 (8) - Inaccurate or Unauthorized actions of
  the involved personnel

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• 9 . Automatics and the equipment in the
  prevention of failures versus human factor
• Obviously technical solutions and advanced
  load control techniques to prevent accidents are
  welcome in the industry .
• But it becomes clear that the most basic issue is
  not a technical technological one.
• Mainly It is not a problem of gizmos it is a
  problem of people.
• 10. Information Security approaches for the
  decision of problems of power industry
• Instruments to prevent accidents in Electric
  Power Production Industry may be classified just
  the same way as in InfoSec
• Ethical
• Legislative
• Organizational
• Physical ( technical facilities and equipment )

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• 11. Networking
• Networking -gt to prevent accidents in Electric
  Power Production Industry
• Networking contemplates not only technical P2P
  connection inside corporation but effective,
  reliable and fruitful information exchange
  between diverse disciplines (Interdisciplinary
  Networking) , diverse management level
  (Inter-level Networking) and through over the
  world ( International Networking ).
• Conventional Networking Reliable and Target
  Corporative P2P information exchange
• Interdisciplinary Networking Implementation of
  Experience of Nuclear Industry, Information
  Security, Supercourse
• Inter-level Networking G2P, G2B, B2P information
  exchange to solve prevention tasks more
  accurately and in time
• International Networking Implementation of
  experience of excellence , that other nations
  have
• Pluses for implementation Networking
  Restructuring of the industry, Modern ICT,
  Current experience on electricity market of the
  US, Educated Personnel
• Minuses for implementation Networking
• Anti- networking - The separation that was
  created intentionally
• Execution of natural networking foundation -
  The Changing Electric Power Industry

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• 12. Conclusion
• During the USSR the main electric power industry
  feature was electricity generating , and the
  centralized scheme control the structure of
  energy delivering up to object. That very
  inexorable scheme of control was technically
  enough reliable.
• The significant part of this scheme has been kept
  to nowadays.
• With introduction of market mechanisms,
  separation of the industry on three components
  generation, distribution and trading , old
  methods are not capable to provide former
  reliability. It is obvious that to to freeze
  re-structuring of old control system , as though
  it was not criticized a new one, it is
  impossible. This re-structuring requires
  effective means of reliability of work.
• The point is not in type of the market, but
  whether its is controlled by society (through the
  government). Networking is just necessary for
  such management to prevent accidents and
  emergencies.
• Critical infrastructures should be reliably
  protected, such protection should be provided at
  all levels government , corporate and personal.
• Therefore it seems reasonable to support
  networking as interdisciplinary, inter-level and
  international , allowing to use experience of
  other industry, but also the one of other level
  or other nation.
• All the efforts are always worthwhile in the end.

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All the efforts are always worthwhile in the end
THANK YOU !
Irina Prokopyeva , New-Zima Heat-Electric
Generating Station of Irkutskenergo Corp,
Sayansk, Irkutsk Region, RF E-MAIL
pi333_at_mail.ru Andrey Trufanov, Irkutsk State
Technical University, Irkutsk, RF E-MAIL
troufan_at_istu.edu
SAFETY ISSUES OF ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION