DNA

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DNA
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Protein Synthesis
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Cell Division
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Genetics
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Human Genetics
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Meiosis
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DNA
Protein Synthesis
Cell Division
Genetics
Genetics
Meiosis
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Building blocks Of nucleic acids
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nucleotide
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What forces, represented by dotted lines, hold
together the two strands of DNA shown in the
diagram?
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Hydrogen bonds
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The sequence of Bases on one original Strand of
DNA is CGGTAGGG What would the
complimentary Strand of DNA look like?
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GCCATCCC
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What are three differences Between the structure
of DNA RNA?
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RNA single-stranded, Contains ribose, contains
uracil DNA double-stranded, Contains
deoxyribose, contains thymine
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What is shown In this illustration?
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DNA Replication
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Central dogma Of Molecular Biology
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DNA RNA proteins
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Carries the genetic code to The ribosome
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mRNA
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What would a mutation in the Second base of the
codon UGA (stop) likely mean for the resulting
Protein?
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Protein would be unusually long
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mRNA codons UCU, UCC, UCA, and UCG all code For
serine. What about mutations Does this tell you?
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Mutation could have no effect On resulting
protein
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How does a change in a sequence of DNA bases
affect an organism?
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Function of Resulting protein Could
change/ Expressed trait changes
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Period of the cell cycle In which the cell grows,
Performs its regular functions, And replicates
its DNA
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Interphase
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Phases of Mitosis in order?
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, telophase
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Two main parts Of cell division
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Mitosis cytokinesis
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Construction workers use a rope and pulley system
to move timbers of a bridge away from each other
to dismantle the bridge. What stage of mitosis
is similar to this way of dismantling a bridge?
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anaphase
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What is the end Result of mitosis of a skin
cell With 46 chromosomes?
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Two identical skin Cells, each with 46
Chromosomes, identical To the parent cell
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If a heterozygous Individual (Aa) was crossed
With another heterozygous Individual, what is
the chance Their offspring would have a
Heterozygous genotype?
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50
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What is the pathway of inheritance for
sex-linked Traits?
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Mother to son, On the X chromosome
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What is an example of a trait inherited on
Multiple alleles?
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Human blood Type (etc.)
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Genotype that Differentiates between Codominance
and Incomplete dominance
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heterozygous
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Inheriting two copies of a recessive allele
causes an individual to die before reaching
sexual maturity. How is it that this recessive
allele can be passed on from one generation to
the next?
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Heterozygous individuals can pass on the allele
because they do not die from only having one
copy
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Test to determine Chromosomal abnormalities
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karyotype
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Diagram showing Traits passed through A family
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pedigree
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Black fur is dominant Over brown and is shaded In
the pedigree. What are the Parents genotypes?

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heterozygous
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A karyotype shows Images of chromosomes. When
would these Pictures have been taken?
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During cell division
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Daily Double!!
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A karyotype shows that an individual has three of
chromosome 18. How did this occur?
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nondisjunction
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Organism Number of 2n chromosomes
Mosquito 6
Corn 20
Human 46
Dog 78
. What is the haploid of each?
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3, 10, 23, 39.
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What is the result Of crossing over?
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Additional variation In the DNA of the gamete
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In which phase of meiosis Does disjunction Occur
? (some disorders Occur due to nondisjunction)
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Anaphase I
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What are the three Sources of genetic Variation?
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• Crossing over
• Independent assortment
• Random fertilization
• (finding a mate)

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Double Jeopardy!!
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Agricultural scientists develop a way to insert a
third chromosome into the diploid body cells of a
watermelon plant to create a seedless fruit. How
could this extra chromosome affect watermelon
offspring?
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It would not be passed to the offspring through
meiosis since it was inserted into a body cell!
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Natural Selection
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Evidence Of Evolution
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Speciation
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Genetics in Evolution
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Evolutionary Relationships In Classification
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Classification
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Natural Selection
Evidence of Evolution
Speciation
Genetics in Evolution
Evolutionary Relationships In Classification
Classification
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Examine the illustrations of the two bird feet
shown below. In what types of environments would
such structures such as these have a selective
advantage? A pine and fir forests B water and
wetlands C mountains and rocky cliffs D deserts
and deciduous forests
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B water and wetlands
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Which of the following mutations would most
likely improve the chances that an organism
would survive and reproduce? A a stronger scent
that makes an animal easier to find B a weaker
scent that makes a flower less attractive to
bees C weaker eyesight that makes an animal less
likely to find prey D stronger leg muscles that
allow an animal to jump away from danger
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D stronger leg muscles that allow an animal
to jump away from danger
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Natural Selection only works on traits that
are..
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inherited/ heritable
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• A population of crabs living on a sandy beach
  exhibit three colors dark brown (BB), light
  brown (bb), and speckled (Bb). The speckled color
  belends extremely well with the color of the
  sand, and crabs are the diet of predatory birds
  at the beach. Which of the following conclusions
  can be drawn from this info?
• Only the speckled crabs will survive, and all of
  their offspring will be speckled
• The allele for light brown color will be lost
  because of predatory birds eating light brown
  crabs
• The allele for dark brown color will be lost
  because of predatory birds eating dark brown
  crabs.
• Both the light brown and dark brown alleles will
  continue to be passed on in the crab population

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D. Both the light brown and dark brown alleles
will continue to be passed on in the crab
population
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Three things Darwin said must be in place in
order for evolution by natural selection to
occur
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Struggle for existence Variation and
adaptations Survival of the fittest
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These structures are inherited from ancestors,
but have lost much or all of their original
function
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Vestigial structures
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Scientists look at evidence to determine possible
evolutionary relationships and mechanisms. Which
of the following provides strong evidence for
evolution A forensic biology B phylogenetic
trees C works of philosophy D amino acid
sequences
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D. Amino Acid sequences
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These structures exist as a result of descent
with modification from a common ancestor and
include example such as a bird wing and reptile
foreleg
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Homologous structures
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• Molecular evidence in support of natural
  selection includes
• The nearly universal genetic code.
• The presence of vestigial structures
• A tendency toward perfect, unchanging DNA in
  various species
• The transmission of acquired characteristics by
  DNA

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A. the nearly universal genetic code.
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similar function but different structure (does
not show common ancestry) Ex butterfly wing and
bat wing these structures evolved separately!
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Analagous structures
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What must happen In order for speciation To occur?
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Reproductive isolation
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  Which of the following is a true statement
about evolution? A Individuals evolve more slowly
than populations. B Individuals evolve
populations do not. C Individuals evolve by
changing the gene pool. D Populations evolve
individuals do not.
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  D Populations evolve individuals do not.
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• Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive
  vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest
  that primitive vertebrates
• Share a common ancestor with sea stars
• Evolved from sea stars
• Evolved before sea stars
• Belong to the same species as sea stars

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• Share a common ancestor
• with sea stars

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Evidence exists that during the millions of
years in which the Grand Canyon formed, the
canyon divided a single population of
tufted-ear squirrels into two populations the
Kaibab squirrel (North Rim of canyon) and the
Aberts squirrel (South Rim). Which of the
following factors would make the evolution of the
squirrel population into separate species less
likely? A different predators live on the north
and south rims of the canyon B a few of the
squirrels manage to cross the canyon and breed
with squirrels on the other side. C different
trees grow on the north and south rims of the
canyon because of changes in the water table D a
disease attacks one population of squirrels and
kills most of them. The squirrels on the other
side of the canyon are not affected.
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B - a few of the squirrels manage to cross the
canyon and breed with squirrels on the other
side.
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This principle is used when creating phylogenetic
trees and explains why some different organisms
(such as birds reptiles) share many inherited
characteristics
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common descent
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Genetic variation can increase the pace of
evolution. Which would most likely increase
genetic variation in a population? A cloning B
self-pollination C crossing-over D asexual
reproduction
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C - crossing-over
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 Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution
in 1859. In what way does modern evolutionary
theory differ from the theory as proposed by
Darwin? A. Darwin inferred that individuals can
evolve, but modern genetic science has shown that
this is not true. B. Darwin inferred that
individuals do not evolve, but modern genetic
science has shown that this is not true. C.
Modern science has disproved most of Darwins
original theory of evolution, because Darwin knew
nothing about genes and their role in
heredity. D. Genetic studies have shown that gene
expression and other factors operate along with
natural selection, and most of Darwins theory
has been supported by modern science.
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D. Genetic studies have shown that gene
expression and other factors operate along with
natural selection, and most of Darwins theory
has been supported by modern science.
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  Genetic drift states that the random effects of
everyday life can cause differences in the
survival and reproduction of individuals. What is
one effect of genetic drift on evolution? A it
produces only the traits in a population that are
best adapted to the environment B it can cause an
unusual amount of genetic variation within a
single population of a species C. It can cause
certain traits in a population to increase even
if those traits are not the ones that are best
adapted to the environment. D. It can cause a
populations allele frequencies to become those
predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg principle.
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C. It can cause certain traits in a population to
increase even if those traits are not the ones
that are best adapted to the environment.
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• In one type of insect, green body color (G) is
  dominant to yellow (g). This insect lives in the
  grass, and the green body color tends to blend
  with the grass. Which of the following would be
  true of a population of this type of insect
• Over time, the dominant allele would become more
  frequent due to it masking the recessive allele.
• Over time, the dominant allele would become more
  frequent due to insects with the dominant allele
  displaying the green phenotype which increases
  fitness.
• Over time, the recessive allele would become more
  frequent due to it being carried by heterozygous
  individuals.
• Over time, the recessive allele would become more
  frequent due to the yellow phenotype increasing
  fitness.

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B. Over time, the dominant allele would become
more frequent due to insects with the dominant
allele displaying the green phenotype which
increases fitness.
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One way that Genetic drift and Natural
selection are similar
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They both lead to a change in the allele
frequencies of the populations
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• A monophyletic group includes which
• of the following
• Species and all its ancestors
• Ancestor and all its descendants
• Species and all its genus
• Genus and all its species

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B. Ancestor and all its descendants
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Members of the clade Felidae have retractable
claws, But no other group does. Because of
this, Retractable claws are an example of what?
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Derived character
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The Giant Anteater of South America, the Giant
Armadillo of North America, the Giant Pangolin of
Africa, and the Spiny Anteater of Oceania share
many characteristics. They all eat ants, have
long narrow snouts, few teeth, and large salivary
glands, yet when looking at a cladogram they do
not share a common ancestor. This is an example
of which of the following? A genetic drift B
founder effect C adaptive radiation D convergent
evolution
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D. convergent evolution
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 A new animal was discovered in a remote area of
Southeast Asia. The animal seemed to resemble a
crocodile.             Where would a biologist
place the mystery animal on the cladogram? A
before the fish B between the fish and the deer C
between the deer and the human D after the human
Animal Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics
backbone lungs mammary glands bipedal
fish yes no no no
deer yes yes yes no
human yes yes yes yes
mystery animal yes yes no no
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B between the fish and the deer
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Daily Double!!
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Why is the Kingdom Protista not valid
under Evolutionary classification?
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Protista contains groups that share closest
common ancestors with other groups, rather
than with each other.
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Two-word naming system created by Linnaeus
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Binomial nomenclature
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The Linnaean system of classification, organisms
are grouped in successive levels of hierarchy
based on similarities in their form and
structure. The diagram below models the eight
basic levels of the modern Linnaean system. Which
level of the Linnaean system does the center
circle represent in the figure? A Class B
domain C family D species
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D. species
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Scientists use to group fungi with plants. Which
of the following is a major factor that
determines why fungi are not classified as part
of the plant kingdom? A. Fungi do not have
leaves B. Fungi grow close to the ground C.
fungi are heterotrophs, but plants are autotrophs
D. fungi can reproduce either sexually or
asexually
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D. fungi can reproduce either sexually or
asexually
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Based on their names, you know that the
baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus
do NOT belong to the same _________.
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species
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Difference Between traditional systematics and
phylogenetic systematics
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Phylogenetic systematics uses common descent and
evolutionary relationships to group organisms
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Final Jeopardy
Conclude how genetics, evolution, and
classification are related.
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Genetics is used to determine evolutionary
relationships and common descent by comparing
DNA. This information is used to group/classify
organisms into clades and determine which groups
are more closely related.