Georgia High School Graduation Test Review

1
Georgia High School Graduation Test Review

• European Settlement
• through the
• Election of 1800

2
Colonial Period

• Colonies are territories established by
  governments in a foreign land.
• Spain was the first to establish colonies in the
  New World
• They dominated much of South America, modern-day
  Mexico, Florida, and parts of Georgia

3
Colonial Period

• France came next and established colonies along
  rivers and inland waterways. Settled along St.
  Lawrence River, Ohio and Mississippi Rivers
• Founded Quebec as a settlement
• Made money from the fur trade and trading with
  Native Americans.

4
Jamestown

• Jamestown, Virginia became the first successful
  English colony in 1607.
• Founded by the Virginia Company to make money off
  its products and raw materials.
• Colonists were not use to manual labor needed to
  build a colony they wanted to get rich quick by
  finding gold.

5
Jamestown

• The colony was faltering until John Rolfe
  introduced tobacco as a source of income.
• Tobacco created a wealthy class of growers in
  Virginia.
• To attract more settlers, Virginia introduced the
  headright system
• This promised 50 acres of land to those who
  settled in the colony.

6
Virginia and Native Americans

• Most Native Americans lived under a tribal
  confederation led by Chief Powhatan. (Father of
  Pocahontas)
• After several skirmishes with the Native
  Americans, Jamestown established control of the
  region.
• Conflicts with the Native Americans continued in
  the western regions of VA.

7
Virginias Social Structure

• Society became divided between large landowners,
  poor farmers, indentured servants and slaves.
• Indentured servants were people who could not
  afford to come to North America on their own, so
  they agreed to work for a landowner for seven
  years in exchange for fare.

8
Virginias Social Structure

• When their seven years was complete, the servants
  became landowners (headrights)
• Land became less available and settlement pushed
  farther west.
• Farmers in the west had conflicts with the Native
  Americans along the frontier.
• Governor refused to help the poor western farmers
  and favored the rich easterners.

9
Bacons Rebellion

• 1676 tensions led to an armed conflict between
  the Natives and western farmers led by Nathaniel
  Bacon.
• Governor condemned the action and Bacon turned
  his followers against Jamestown Governor had to
  flee and Jamestown was burned to the ground.
• Rebellion ends when Bacon dies.

10
Bacons Rebellion

• The wealthy ruling class saw the discontent among
  the lower classes
• This shifted the focus away from indentured
  servants who would become lower class farmers-
  to the use of slavery.

11
Slavery Arises in Virginia

• Slavery is a system in which people are owned as
  property.
• The First African slaves arrived in 1619 at
  Jamestown.
• The institution of slavery helped to firmly
  establish the plantation system in Virginia and
  the southern colonies.

12
Virginias Government

• Due to the distance from England, the British
  adopted a policy known as salutary neglect.
• Basically, they let the colonies govern
  themselves.
• Royal governors were appointed, but local
  legislatures had the real power.
• Legislatures were bicameral one house appointed
  by the governor one house directly elected by
  eligible voters.

13
House of Burgesses

• 1619, Virginia established the first legislative
  body in America the House of Burgesses
• Only white, male property owners could vote
  wealthy upper class men were elected.
• It established the foundation for the ideas about
  representative government in the colonies.

14
The Thirteen Colonies

• Colonies were divided into three geographic
  regions
• New England Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode
  Island, and Connecticut
• Middle Colonies New York, New Jersey,
  Pennsylvania, and Delaware
• Southern Colonies- Georgia, North and South
  Carolina, Maryland, and Virginia

15
New England

• Religious Dissent (disagreement with the church)
  was a prominent reason for settling in America.
• 1620, the Puritans established Plymouth,
  Massachusetts colony
• Puritans became known as the Pilgrims and
  celebrated the first Thanksgiving in 1621
• Another group settled farther north established
  the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

16
New England Government

• Their first efforts at self-government were laid
  out in the Mayflower Compact drafted while still
  aboard the Mayflower.
• Their representative government took the form of
  the town meeting it gave citizens a voice in
  government
• Church leaders tended to be authoritative!

17
Religion and Dissent

• The Puritan church was a central part of New
  England Life anyone who disagreed with the
  Church was banished.
• Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson disagreed
  about Church teachings left to form the colony
  of Rhode Island.
• Thomas Hooker left to form the colony of
  Connecticut in 1636

18
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

• Thomas Hooker set up this set of laws for their
  colony.
• It stated that the governments power came from
  the consent of the people and set limits on
  what government could do.
• This became the foundation for the government of
  the U.S after the revolution.

19
Salem Witch Trials

• 1692 Several young girls were said to have been
  possessed by the devil and accused townspeople of
  being witches.
• 25 people were brought to trial and some
  sentenced to death before it was over.
• Girls were actually just drunk from fermented
  corn.

20
New Englanders and Native Americans

• At first, settlers and Natives were friendly
  they actually taught settlers how to grown corn.
• They would not have survived if not for the help
  of Native Americans.
• Several wars broke out as settlers continued to
  move west occupying native lands

21
King Phillips War

• 1675, Native American leader Metacom, who was
  known as King Phillip united the Natives to drive
  out the settlers.
• Although 2,000 settlers died, Natives eventually
  had to retreat and Metacom was killed.
• It resulted in English colonists gaining firm
  control over New England.

22
Middle Colonies

• The Middle Colonies were the most culturally
  diverse because
• Geographic location
• Degree of religious tolerance
• Other nationalities (Swedes and Dutch) settled
  there

23
Pennsylvania

• Under the leadership of William Penn, it became a
  homeland for the Quakers
• Quakers do not recognize class difference they
  promote equality of the sexes practice pacifism
  and sought to deal with Native Americans.
• Place of religious tolerance many denominations

24
New Amsterdam to New York

• New York was originally settled by the Dutch and
  was called New Netherlands and the main
  settlement was New Amsterdam.
• King Charles II noticed its success and decided
  he wanted it for England.
• His brother the Duke of York was given control of
  the area and renamed it New York.

25
Middle Passage

• 15th Century, Portugal established the Atlantic
  Slave Trade
• This trade became profitable for European and
  African slave traders.
• Millions were taken along the Middle passage- the
  route taken by slave ships from Africa to North
  America.

26
Why have colonies anyway?

• Main reason was the theory of mercantilism, which
  says that countries grow wealthier and maintain
  their national security by exporting more than
  they import.
• Trans-Atlantic trade gave the colonies products
  and England raw materials.

27
French and Indian War

• Tensions between settlers and the Natives and
  French came to war in 1754
• This was Britain fighting France and her Native
  American allies.
• Britain wins Treaty of Paris 1763 France
  gives up all claims in North America
• Great Britain becomes the sole colonial power in
  eastern north America.
• Britain is heavily in debt after the war!

28
Proclamation of 1763

• Forbade Colonists to settle west of the
  Appalachians.
• Issued as a means for Britain to control its new
  territories from the French and Indian War and to
  ensure peace with the Native Americans
• Colonies resented the Kings restrictions and
  most ignored the proclamation.

29
Stamp Act

• Taxed all printed material by requiring it to
  bear a government stamp.
• In protest the colonists imposed a boycott of
  British goods.
• Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty
  supported and enforced the boycott used
  violence to intimidate merchants and royal
  officials.
• Boycotts led to England repeal the law.

30
Committees of Correspondence

• Thomas Jefferson suggested that the colonies stay
  in communication with each other.
• Groups formed to organize the resistance against
  British laws made sure that the colonist stayed
  discontented

31
Boston Tea Party

• 1773, Massachusetts colonist were angry over the
  British East India Tea Companys monopoly on tea
  trade.
• Mass. Committee of Correspondence lead a group of
  radicals dressed as Mohawk Indians and marched on
  Boston Harbor.
• The group raided English ships and dumped crates
  of tea overboard.

32
Intolerable Acts

• To punish Boston, England passed the Coercive
  Acts colonist called them Intolerable because
  of their harshness
• It closed Bostons harbor, place a military
  governor over Massachusetts, and expanded the
  Canadian border thus taken land away from certain
  colonies.

33
The Revolution Begins
34
First Continental Congress

• To deal with crisis, all the colonies but Georgia
  meet in 1774 to demand that the King give them
  representation.
• Since the colonies were not represented in
  Parliament the should govern themselves.

35
Lexington and Concord

• April 1775 fighting broke out between the
  Minutemen and the British Regulars.
• British were attempting to seize arms and
  ammunition stored in Concord.
• The shot heard round the world was fired by
  someone and started the American Revolution.
• One month later, the Second Continental Congress
  meets.

36
Thomas Paine

• 1776, Paine publishes his pamphlet Common Sense
• In it he makes a compelling case for
  independence
• Due to the success of Paine, the Second
  Continental Congress stopped seeking resolution
  with the King and instead declared independence.

37
Declaration of Independence

• Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson
• Influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers of John
  Locke, Montesquieu
• Asserted the principle that all men are created
  equal
• Men are endowed with certain rights of life
  liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
• Signed July 4, 1776

38
First Year of War

• Colonist surround Boston after Lexington and
  Concord.
• Battle of Bunker Hill British push Americans
  back after several failed attempts.
• British establish New York City as their
  headquarters.

39
First Year of War

• George Washington is made commander of the
  Continental Army.
• Washington is forced to retreat from NYC
• Christmas 1776, He crossed the Delaware River to
  attack the Hessians at Trenton, NJ and Princeton,
  NJ
• These victories were unique because he attacked
  during the winter and they lifted American morale.

40
Revolution in the North

• Battle of Saratoga key American victory that
  convinces the French to join our fight.
• Valley Forge winter encampment of Army in which
  many died, but time was used to train the army

41
Revolution in the South

• British focused the fight in the South 1778 more
  Tories (or Loyalist) lived there.
• British had Charleston and Savannah under control
  and moved north to secure the Carolinas
• Lord Cornwallis was turned back at the Battle of
  Kings Mountain

42
The French Alliance

• After the Declaration of Independence was signed
  Ben Franklin was sent to convince French to
  join the fight Saratoga convinced them to join
• France promised to pay money, send troops and
  their navy to support America
• Marquis De Lafayette was a talented soldier who
  was given a command of his own

43
Battle of Yorktown

• Lord Cornwallis regrouped and invade North
  Carolina and chased Nathaniel Greene into
  Virginia exhausting his resources.
• Cornwallis went to Yorktown to get supplies but
  was surrounded by American forces.
• Cornwallis surrenders when the French fleet
  blocks supplies from arriving.
• This battle ended the American Revolution

44
Treaty of Paris 1783

• Officially ends the American Revolution

45
George Washington

• First president under the new United States
  Constitution.
• He was opposed to political parties because he
  felt they were divisive.
• He also wanted the U.S. to avoid alliance with
  foreign nations.

46
Alexander Hamiltons Economic Plan

• Secretary of the Treasury
• Proposed a tax a whiskey to raise revenue and
  show the power of the new govt.
• Proposed tariffs on imports and a national Bank
• He was a loose constructionist and used the
  necessary and proper clause to increase the
  power of the federal government

47
Whiskey Rebellion

• Farmers opposed Hamiltons whiskey tax and
  refused to pay it resorting to violence
• Washington sends in troops show the governments
  power to enforce laws.
• Farmers and Westerners begin to support the
  Republican party over the Federalist party

48
First Political Parties

• Federalists
• Favored a strong central government
• Favored the wealthy and business
• necessary and proper clause
• Jeffersonian Republicans
• Favored stronger state government
• Favored agricultural interest
• Strict interpretation of the Constitution

49
Election of 1800

• John Adams (2nd president) Federalist against
  Thomas Jefferson Republican
• Exposed a flaw in the Constitution electors
  voted for president and the second highest vote
  getter became Vice President
• Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tie
• Election is decided in the House of
  Representatives when Hamilton (a federalist)
  backs Jefferson
• Constitution is amended to correct the problem
  (12th Amendment)