Imran Hussain

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Virtual University Human-Computer Interaction
Lecture 45Conclusion

• Imran Hussain
• University of Management and Technology (UMT)

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In Last Lecture

• Paradigms
• Ubiquitous computing
• Pervasive computing
• Wearable computing
• Tangible bits, augmented reality and
  physical/virtual integration
• Attentive environments and transparent computing

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HCI A Formal Definition

• Human-Computer Interaction is a discipline
  concerned with the design, evaluation and
  implementation of interactive computing systems
  for human use and with the study of major
  phenomena surrounding them
• -ACM/IEEE

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Human-Computer Interaction
User Experience
Usability
Interface
Interaction
Computer
Human
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Usability Goals

• Effectiveness
• Efficiency
• Safety
• Utility
• Learnability
• Memorablity

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User Experience Goals

• Satisfying
• Enjoyable
• Fun
• Entertaining
• Helpful
• Motivating
• Aesthetically Pleasing
• Supportive to Creativity
• Rewarding
• Emotionally Fullfilling

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Fun

Emotionally fullfilling
Satisfying
Efficient to use
enjoyable
Effective to use
Rewarding
Easy to remember
Usability Goals
Supportive of creativity
Easy to learn
Safe to use
Entertaining
Have good utility
Aesthetically pleasing
helpful
Motivating
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Software Quality Usability

• softwarequalititydependsuponanumberoffactors
• Functionality
• Reliability
• Usability
• Efficiency
• Maintainability
• Portability

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Nature of computers

• Computers are very poor at communicating
• Communication can be precise but still being
  wrong

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Feature Shock

• Manual devices are easier to use
• Simplicity
• Flexibility
• Hi-tech companies add more feature to improve
  product
• Product becomes more complicated

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Paradox Why Were Computers Invented?

• Computers were invented to make life easy,
  convenient and efficient

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HCI and Software Engineers

• Software engineers are more focused on internal
  workings of software
• In HCI we are concerned with external workings of
  software

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Success Criteria in the New Economy

• Success depends upon the ability of a business to
  effectively and efficiently meet users needs and
  goals

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HCI Topics
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Human Capabilities and Characteristics
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Cognition

• Also described in terms of specific process
• Attention
• Perception
• Memory
• Learning
• Reading, speaking and listening
• Problem solving, planning, reasoning, decision
  making

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Extension to the Information Processing Model
Attention
Encoding
Comparison
Response Selection
Response Execution
Memory
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People are Explanatory Creatures
Interact with world
Human tendency to form explanations
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Mental Model

• Human (uses) understanding (conceptual model) of
  the way
• Objects work
• Events take place
• People behave

Object
Conceptual Model
Mental Model
Perceive
Design
User
Designer
Uses object
Design object
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How Are Faulty Mental Models Formed?
Object
Poor Understanding
Fragmentary Evidence (incomplete info)

• Naïve Psychology
• Causes
• Mechanisms
• Relationships

Faulty
Mental Model
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Effect of Faulty Mental Models

• Computer screen freezes ? bash keyboard
• TV not working ? bang TV top

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7 Stages of Action
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Design Principles

• Conceptual Models
• Visibility
• Affordance
• Constraints
• Mapping
• Consistency
• Feedback

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Success Factors for Technology Products
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Process Lifecycle Models

• Waterfall
• And others

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Development Stages
Initiate
Design
Code
Test
Ship
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Goal-directed Design
Research User and the domain
Modeling Users and use context
Requirements Definition of user, business
technical needs
Framework Definition of design structure flow
Refinement Of behavior, form content
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Types of Users
Beginners
Perpetual intermediates
Experts
What new features are in this upgrade?
I forgot how to import
How do I automate this?
What does the program do?
How do I find facility X?
What are the shortcuts for this Command?
What is this control for?
Remind me What this does?
How do I print?
Can this be changed
How can I customize this?
What is the programs scope?
Oops ! Can I undo?
What was the command for X?
Is there keyboard equivalent?
Where do I start?
What is dangerous?
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Qualitative Research Techniques

• Stakeholder Interviews
• Subject matter expert (SME) interviews
• User and customer interviews
• User observation/ethnographic field studies
• Literature review
• Product/prototype and competitive audits

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Cumulative Effect of Requirements
Missing/deficient requirement
Missing/deficient design
Missing/deficient user interface implementation
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Conceptual Design and Prototyping

• Prototyping techniques
• Low fidelity
• High fidelity
• Wireframes and blueprints

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Software postures

• Software Postures
• Sovereign posture (full-screen programs outlook,
  word)
• Transient posture (temporary programs
  calculator, volume control)
• Daemonic posture (work in background taskbar
  icons)
• Auxiliary posture (streaming audio in browser
  pane)

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Flow Communication

• Orchestration and Flow
• Excise and navigation
• Alerts, notifiers, confirmations

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Files, documents and software

• Undo
• Files and Save
• Unified document management
• Making software considerate
• Making software smart

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Visual design

• Principles of visual interface design
• Principles of visual information design
• Use of text and color in visual interfaces
• Consistency and standards

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Evaluation

• The process of systematically collecting data
  that informs us about what it is like for a
  particular or group of users to use a product for
  a particular task in a certain type of environment

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Some good reasons

• Problems are fixed before product is shipped, not
  after.
• The team can concentrate on real problems, not
  imaginary ones.
• Engineers code instead of debating.
• Time to market is sharply reduced.
• Good product design that works for sales pitches.
• - Tognazzini

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Evaluation types

• Heuristic evaluation
• Home pages
• Usability testing

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Conceptual Framework for Developing User
Experience
Web as hypertext system
Web as software interface
surface
skeleton
structure
scope
strategy
Task-oriented
Information-oriented
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Other topics

• Asking users interview and questionnaires
• Information retrieval
• Web topics
• Web searching systems
• Web accessibility
• Web localization
• Emerging paradigms

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HCI Stats
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Findability

• 62 of web shoppers give up looking for the item
  they want to buy online
• Zona Research
• Users can only find information 42 of the time
• Jared Spool

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Software Maintenance Costs

• 80 of software lifecycle costs occur after the
  product is released, in the maintenance phase -
  of that work, 80 is due to unmet or unforeseen
  user requirements only 20 is due to bugs or
  reliability problems.
• - IEEE Software

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Reasons for Failure

• 49 of sites do not comply with simple usability
  principles
• Forrester Research
• Only 24 of internet companies conduct usability
  testing
• Forrester Research
• 90 of sites have poor usability
• Jakob Nielsen

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Sydney Olympics

• Bruce Lindsay Maguire vs Sydney Organising
  Committee for the Olympics Games (SOCOG)
• Allegation SOCOG in breach the Disability
  Discrimination Act 1992 by failing to make
  accessible to him key parts of its web site
• vast majority of organisations with a web site
  must ensure that their web site is (within
  certain limits) accessible by disabled persons

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Life Imitates Art

• 1 in every 4 computers has been physically
  attacked by its owner - Novatech (British PC
  Manufacturer)
• Almost ? of people have physically attacked a
  computer National Opinion Poll/Symantec
• 67 experienced frustration, exasperation and
  anger National Opinion Poll/Symantec
• 70 swore at their machines National Opinion
  Poll/Symantec

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HCI Strategies and Approaches
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Conceptual Framework for Developing User
Experience
Web as hypertext system
Web as software interface
surface
skeleton
structure
scope
strategy
Task-oriented
Information-oriented
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Strategies and approaches

• Organizational culture change
• user-centered design
• Process Iterative and incremental evaluation
• Multidisciplinary teams
• Programmers should not be designers
• Conflict of interest

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The HCI Profession
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HCI Profession

• Job opportunities

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Conceptual Framework for Developing User
Experience
Web as hypertext system
Web as software interface
surface
skeleton
structure
scope
strategy
Task-oriented
Information-oriented
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The HCI Charter
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UN, Charters and Human Rights

• The UN has a charter on human rights
• Binds member states and countries
• ensures nations do not infringe upon the rights
  of their citizens
• Maybe one day we will have
• The UN charter on user rights
• Binds software engineers and programmers
• To respect, care, and honor users

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Lets make a pledge
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Wrap-up
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Open Your Eyes
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hopefully this course has opened your eyes
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My Mission

• Open your EYES
• Open your MIND
• Change the way you THINK

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I hope you have enjoyed this course Good bye
and take care. THE END.