It simply works better.

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The Future of Structured Cabling A look into
the next 10-15 years of Cabling Infrastructure
Technology 2 BICSI RCDD, 2 NTS, 2 INSTALLER
CREDITS Britt Johnson Berk-Tek Western Regional
Manager
It simply works better. NetClear
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Topics

• The future for Fiber Optic Cabling
• Existing fiber options
• Upcoming IEEE standards
• The effects of the IEEE standards on fiber
  infrastructure
• Conclusions
• The future for Copper Network Cabling
• Noise and copper cable plants
• Upcoming technology

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Fiber Connectivity Today
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Fiber Design Options

• Three Physical Configuration Options
• Field Terminated Cables and Connectors
• Traditional installation method
• Pre-terminated Cable Assemblies
• Lowers total installation costs
• Improved termination performance
• Cassette based connectivity
• High density terminations
• Quick installation time

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Cassette based solution

• MTP/MPO connector factory terminated on a 12
  fiber cable
• Assembly connects to cassettes with choice of
  connectors
• Allows for speed of install, re-usability,
  flexibility
• Popular in data center environments

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Fiber Options

• 62.5 um Multi-Mode
• 160 MHz
• 200 MHz
• 500 MHz
• Single Mode Fiber
• SMF-28
• Low Water Peak

• 50 um Multi-Mode
• 500 MHz (OM 2)
• 700 MHz
• 2000 MHz (OM 3)
• 4700 MHz
• 4900 MHz

• Higher bandwidth glass will lengthen the
  distance an application works
• Excess bandwidth can apply to reducing link
  loss budget

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Bandwidth and distance
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Standards Organizations

• Technology advances come from Standards groups
• IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Electronics Vendors
• ISO 11801 European Version of IEEE
• TIA Cabling Vendors
• Vision into IEEE/ISO 11801 will provide roadmap
  for direction of cabling infrastructure

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High Speed Roadmap
Higher Speed Ethernet Market Adopters
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Project Number P802.3ba

• 5.5 Need for the Project The project is
  necessary to provide a solution for applications
  that have been demonstrated to need bandwidth
  beyond the existing capabilities. These include
  data center, internet exchanges, high performance
  computing and video-on-demand delivery. Network
  aggregation and end-station bandwidth
  requirements are increasing at different rates,
  and is recognized by the definition of two
  distinct speeds to serve the appropriate
  applications.
• High Speed Study Group (HSSG) to focus on
  providing a data center oriented solution

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HSSG Development Plan
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High Speed Study Group

• IEEE 802.3ba (HSE) objectives from a cabling
  perspective
• Support 40G and 100G
• At least 1m over a backplane
• At least 10m on copper cabling (twinax)
• At least 100m on OM3 (2000 MHz MM glass)
• At least 10km on SMF (metro and enterprise)
• At least 40km on SMF (long-haul)

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100M over OM3 fiber

• Discussion Points
• Transmission method
• Impact on number of fiber strands
• Connector types
• Distances at 40G and 100G
• What happened to OM2 fiber?
• Single-Mode VS Multi-mode
• Preparing for 40G/100G today

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Transmission Method
12 Channel Duplex 2 Lambda
12 Channel Duplex 100 Gb/s 850 VCSEL Array

• 2 x 6 x 10 Gb/s
• One 12 fiber ribbon/MPO

• 12 x 10 Gb/s
• Two 12 fiber ribbons/MPO

• MM 1G/10G uses Serial transmission scheme
• 1 fiber dedicated Tx, 1 fiber Rx
• 40G/100G to use parallel transmission
• 10 fibers at 10G ea. Tx
• 10 fibers at 10G ea. Rx
• 12F MTP/MPO connector
• 24 fiber MM cable
• Possible 12F solution using CWDM

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Multi fiber connector

• MTP is only viable connector option as this point
  in time

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Transmission method

• SM option will likely use Coarse Wave Division
  Multiplexing
• 4 lasers combined into one fiber
• 1 fiber Tx, 1 fiber Rx
• 2 fibers total
• 40G/100G lasers do not exist and will be too
  expensive
• Low water peak SM fiber better suited to CWDM

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Low/Zero water peak fiber
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Distances

• LEDs used in lower speed fiber transmissions
  (100 Mb/s)
• VCSELs (low cost lasers) replace LEDs at 1
  GB/s speeds and up
• VCSELs have a non-uniform power dispersion

Encircled Power
3D Power map
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Distances
VCSEL
DMD causes bit errors. Power concentrated in
many modes with high delay, causes split pulse
LED All Modes
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Distances

• Manufacturing process for parallel transmission
  contains a high scrap rate
• Mounting 12 VCSELs on wafer difficult
• Manufacturers want to loosen specification
• Spectral width
• Encircled flux
• Looser VCSEL specification increase the effects
  of DMD
• Higher DMD results in less distance
• OM2 distance with new VCSELs is too short
• OM3 becomes minimum bandwidth fiber
• OM4 to be included in standards (4500 Mhz or 500M
  at 10G)

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OM4 fiber (OM-3)

• Targeting a bandwidth of 4500 MHz
• Distance at 10G 500M
• Targeting a distance of over 200M for 40/100G
• Berk-Tek sells the current maximum fiber
  bandwidth at 4900 MHz.
• GigaLite 10XB fiber for 600M at 10G
• Best shot at longer distance 40G/100G

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Single-Mode VS Multi-mode

• Single Mode CWDM Systems
• Work continues to define technical and economic
  feasibility of designs being considered
• Pro Low cable cost
• Con High Transceiver cost development required
• OM3 Multimode Parallel Systems
• 10 Gb/s VCSELS and fiber are already available
• Pro Low cost, readily available parts
• Con High cable cost and sensitivity to length
• Traditionally, cost of electronics drive cost
  comparisons between MM and SM
• Preliminary cost analysis for MM suggests lower
  cost up to 200 meters

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Specifying for 40G/100G

• Specify low loss solutions
• Berk-Tek/Ortronics performance above the
  standards
• Lower loss for channel or
• More connection points or
• Longer distances
• Ortronics low loss MTP cassettes
• .5 dB premium performance cassettes

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Specifying for 40/100G

• Use smaller OD cables
• Ribbon cables too big and bulky

New 48F MDP Cable (0.231 OD) 24F (0.189 OD)
48F Stacked Ribbon Cable (0.520 OD)
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Comparison MDP to Ribbon
New 48F MDP Cable (0.231 OD)
48F Stacked Ribbon Cable (0.520 OD)
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Specifying for 40/100G

• Use highest bandwidth fiber to insure longest
  length/ lowest loss budget
• 150M at 10G (700 MHz) is out of standard
• 300M at 10G (2000 MHz) is 100M at 40G
• 550M at 10G (4500 MHz) is gt100M at 40G
• 600M at 10G (4900 MHz) gives customer best shot
• Only available from OFS glass

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Traditional OVD Deposition Process
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OVD Drying/Sintering Process

• Soot sintered to form glass
• GeO2 redistribution by Cl2 and density
• variations cause index profile deformation
• Void collapses causing index variation
• with possible defects at center

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Distances

• Each layer sintered prior to deposition of the
  next layer
• Inside process is immune to contamination

Results in superior control of Refractive Index
Profile (therefore DMD BW), Attenuation,
Geometry
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40G Over Copper?
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The Future for Copper

• No current IEEE work in progress on 40G copper
• Manufacturers and research institutions have
  begun preliminary modeling
• Berk-Tek and University of PA
• Transceiver manufacturers
• Possible to look at UTP/FTP technology and draw
  reasonable conclusions about copper roadmap

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Copper Cabling Technology

• Cabling design is all about reducing the impact
  of noise on the signal
• Maximize signal strength
• Decrease noise
• Cables can reduce noise
• Twist rate, insulation, separation, precision
  reduce internal noise
• Consistency and precision of manufacturing
  process and shielding can reduce external noise

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Internal noise in cables

• Internal Noise is unwanted signals jumping from
  one pair to an adjacent pair
• NEXT, FEXT, ELFEXT, PSNEXT, PSELFEXT
• The higher the application speed the less noise
  the system can handle
• Higher speed Ethernet (1G and 10G) must use
  sophisticated internal noise cancellation
  techniques
• Can internal noise at 40G be reduced enough for
  UTP cable?

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External Noise Sources

• Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
• Narrow spikes of voltage
• Generated by copy machines, air conditioning
  units, elevators, etc.
• Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)
• Conflicting frequencies with Ethernet (60-120
  MHz)
• Alien cross-talk
• Unwanted emissions from cable to cable in a
  bundle
• Same pair-pair (white blue) alignments in
  separate cables coupling unwanted emissions

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Cable Balance

• Precise manufacturing of the pairs will allow a
  cable to absorb some external noise
• Concentricity of conductors and strand
• Even application of dielectric material
• Consistent twist pattern
• Measured as LCL, ELTCL (cable balance)
• Efficient at reducing EMI and RFI to acceptable
  levels

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Data Competency Center supporting tests
EFT, RFI, Temperature, transceiver variability,
10G modeling, maximum distances 10GBase-SR,
proximity to power, etc.
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EFT Test

• 90 M of 5e, 5E, 6 installed in wiremold raceway
  with 0 separation from power cable
• Haefley generator introduced EFT pulses
  increasing to 1000V
• Etherpeak generated Gigabit Ethernet traffic and
  measured packet loss

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Cable Performance Under EFTs
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External Noise and UTP

• Alien Crosstalk
• Crosstalk (noise) occurring between adjacent
  cables in a bundle
• Occurs at Near End of cable plant (ANEXT)
• Occurs at Far End of cable plant (AELFEXT)
• High speed cabling design tries to reduce Alien
  Crosstalk
• Higher twist rates
• Separation (larger sizes and lays)
• Result is a larger OD cable

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External Noise

• Two options for reducing external noise
• 
  Shielding
• Spacing

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ANEXT and AFEXT VS TIA FTP and UTP

• FTP shows greater margin over TIA than 6A,
  especially at higher frequencies.

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Shielded (FTP) cable design

• Two approved versions
• FUTP or FTP (Class E)
• IEEE requirements
• TIA requirements
• 6AFTP
• Category 7 (Class F)
• ISO 11801 European
• Individually shielded pairs with an overall braid

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Recap key points for UTP

• UTP cable is all about signal strength VS Noise
• Noise is external and internal
• The higher the application speed, the less
  tolerance for noise
• Internal noise can be cancelled to acceptable
  levels
• External noise a major design hurdle
• Spacing and shielding have been used to push UTP
  cable to 100M at 10G

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Copper Cabling
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The future for cable

• 40G over copper
• 2000 MHz frequency
• Extremely low noise tolerances
• Technology not available today to make UTP work
• Some type of shielded cable likely for 100M
  operation
• Characterized to high frequency
• Multiple shielding
• Heavier gauge wire
• Thicker insulation

Why did I ever switch from IBM Type 1!
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The future for outlets
4 Pairs on top 250 MHz
8 top contacts 100 RJ45 compatible
4 new contacts For gt600MHz
2 Pairs on top 2 Pairs on bottom 600 MHz
Switch mechanism Only 8 contacts at a time
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Server TrendsEthernet Ports
Source Intel Broadcom (April 2007)
Millions
10-15 year transition for 1G Ethernet
x86 Servers by Ethernet Connection Speed (40G and
100G)
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Fiber and Copper review

• Changes in current fiber standards development
  process will affect fiber cable plant designs for
  40G
• Parallel transmission technology
• 24 strands per node
• MTP/MPO connection styles
• Changes in transceiver manufacturing to drive
  increases in glass bandwidth
• OM3 at a minimum at 100M
• Copper roadmap is a long time out
• UTP technologies may be challenged
• Some type of shielded technologies likely
• 10G cabling today will last 10-15 years

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THANK YOU QUESTIONS?
It simply works better. NetClear
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Higher speeds less noise tolerance
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Reduced State to State Voltage Increases
Sensitivity and Error Generation
Source Agilent
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Enterprise Cabling Drivers

• Distance
• Up to 100M for copper
• Up to 300M for fiber
• Price
• Electronics costs
• Copper lowest cost option
• MM fiber next lowest cost option
• SM fiber highest cost option

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How will it be transmitted?

• MM 1G/10G uses Serial transmission scheme
• 1 fiber dedicated Tx
• 1 fiber dedicated Rx
• Likely that 40G/100G will move to a parallel
  scheme
• 10 fibers at 10G ea. Tx
• 10 fibers at 10G ea. Rx
• 12F MTP/MPO connector
• 24 fiber MM cable

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Preparing for 40G/100G

• Specify OM3 at minimum
• OM4 (4500 Mhz minimum) as an option
• Add SM (low water peak) to cables
• Data center design around 100M max lengths
• Be aware of higher fiber count requirements
• 2 fibers per link becomes 24 fibers
• MTO/MTP connectors will likely become standard
  interfaces