TAXONOMIES

1
(No Transcript)
2

• TAXONOMIES MEASUREMENT OF MOTIVES
• TAXONOMIES
• MURRAYS CATALOG OF NEEDS
• McCLELLANDS IMPLICIT MOTIVES achievement,
  power, affiliation, intimacy
• MEASUREMENT
• UNSTRUCTURED METHODS
• Free association, dream analysis
• PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES
• Rorschach
• TAT
• OBJECTIVE TECHNIQUES (questionnaires)
• Personality Research Form

3
TAXONOMIES OF MOTIVES HENRY MURRAY (1893-1988)
First systematic study and classification of
needs Explorations in Personality Catalog of
20 needs (table 4.4) DAVID McCLELLAND
(?-1998) Achievement Power Affiliation Intimac
y
4
IMPLICIT MOTIVES Achievement need to do things
well, to take pleasure over overcoming
difficulty, to create things (GO FORWARD) Power
need to be in charge, in control --impact over
other people-- have status and possessions,
influence others (BE ABOVE) Affiliation motive
to spend time, interact, with other people alike
(BE NEAR) Intimacy need to feel close to
people, that you understand/accept others and
viceversa (FUSE, MERGE)
5
MEASUREMENT UNSTRUCTURED METHODS Dreams,
fantasies, and other products of imagination are
the royal road to the unconscious FREE
ASSOCIATION talking about whatever comes to
mind DREAM ANALYSIS condensation, displacement,
symbolic disguise, latent and manifest content
6
MEASUREMENT PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES Unconscious
motives are spontaneously projected during the
interpretation of ambiguous, neutral,
semi-structured stimuli (Assumption an
individual puts structure on an ambiguous
situation in a way that is consistent with their
own conscious unconscious needs) WORD
ASSOCIATON RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST THEMATIC
APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)
7
(No Transcript)
8
Interpreting the Rorschach

• Location
• Determinant
• Content

9
From These..
10
To These!
11
(No Transcript)
12
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)
Who are the
people?
What are their names?

What are their roles in life?

What are their relationships to each other?

What has led up to this situation?

What is happening right now?

What is each person thinking, saying trying to
do?
What does each person want from
whom?
What will happen to each
person the future?
How will it all
end?

13
MEASUREMENT OBJECTIVE TECHNIQUES Paper-and-p
encil standardized (i.e.., nomothetic approach)
questionnaires that openly ask to rate/rank/list
a particular inventory of motive-related
statements E.g., Personality Research Form
14
WHICH IS BETTER?

• Strengths of Projective Tests
• 1) Disguised objective of test
• 2) Bypasses ego and elucidates contents of
  unconscious
• 3) Deeper understanding of the individual
• 4) Diagnostic usefulness for extreme scores

Weaknesses of Projectives 1) Reliability and
Validity issues 2) Refutability of underlying
theory?
15
SHOULD OVERLAP BETWEEN PROJECTIVE AND
OBJECTIVE MEASURES BE EXPECTED? Read
McCllelands article !