CH 6: Rome

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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p. Packet p. B.B
ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic
Becomes and Empire
I. Gap between Rich and Poor A. 1/3 of
Romes population were slaves
following its conquests in the Punic Wars and
other conflicts
B. Small farmers lands were often
devastated by the wars and they could
not compete with the Rich landowners (Patricians)
who had ample slave labor to work and
produce large profitable crops each year on
their Latifundia huge estates. They
were gained through military conquests.
C. Few jobs available for the land-less and
unskilled workers in urban areas
led to cities with high numbers of unemployed
trouble-makers or, urban
discontent Even returning
soldiers had little to return to no veterans
benefits
D. The wealthy Romans were corrupted by
money and luxury and ignored the
plight of the poor.
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p.146 Packet p. 6
ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic
Becomes and Empire
II. Tiberius Gaius Gracchus
Proud sons of one of Romes most noble families
Gaius few men in Roman history had the
unforeseen historical impact as the two brothers
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. Caesars career is
unthinkable without them and the first Emperor,
Caesar Augustus built upon what the Gracchi
began. What did they do? Everything! Who did
it effect? Everyone! What did it cost the two
of them? Their lives. They were for giving
citizenship to all Italians, extending it almost
to the Alps, distributing the public domain,
limiting the holdings of each citizen to five
hundred acres, as had once been provided by law,
establishing new customs duties, filling the
provinces with new colonies, transferring the
judicial powers from the senate to the equites,
and began the practice of distributing grain to
the people. They left nothing undisturbed,
nothing untouched, nothing unmolested, nothing,
in short, as it had been. Velleius Paterculus
History of Rome, II, vi. 3-6
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p.146-7 Packet p. 6
ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic
Becomes and Empire
II. Tiberius Gaius Gracchus
A. Proposed Reforms (Changes)
- limiting the size of the rich estates
(latifundia) - redistributing lands
to the poor - A Welfare system
distributing grain to the poor. B. Both
were killed in moments of riot or
political intrigue / assassination C.
CIVIL WAR
POLITICAL DYNASTIES In the United States and
Rome The Gaius family of Rome is sometimes
compared to the Kennedys of the United States
an aristocratic family with long ties to
politics, with platforms that championed the
rights of the poor and disenfranchised, and who,
too, saw its share of tragedy the
assassinations of both John F. and Robert
Kennedy. The outpouring of public sympathy for
the Kennedy family was similar too for the Gaius
family and may explain the longevity of that
dynasty. For it produced even more stars in
the likes of Gaius Julius Caesar.
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p. Packet p. B.B
ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic
Becomes and Empire
III. The Army situation A. Rise of
politically powerful military leaders - They
recruited soldiers from among the land-less,
discontented poor, promising them land.
Consequently, B. These soldiers
scattered throughout Romes expanding
conquered territory were more loyal to
their commander than they
were to the Republic government back in
Rome the capital!
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p.147 Packet p. 6
ROMES EXPANSION BRINGS PROBLEMS The Republic
Becomes and Empire
III. The Army situation C. CIVIL WAR, 88
82 B.C. fought between
Gaius Marius (defending the
lower classes / poor / of all Italia)
and
Lucius Sulla (defending
the Senate and the elite patrician class)
" The long smoldering fires of an Italian war
were now fanned into flame . . . all Italy took
up arms against the Romans the fortunes of the
Italians was as cruel as their cause was just
for they were seeking citizenship in a State
whose power they were being asked to defend by
their arms Velleius Paterculus, History , II,
XV.
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Sulla was a man to whom, up
to the conclusion of his victory
in the Civil War, sufficient praise can
hardly be given, and for
whom, after his victory,
no condemnation can be adequate. (II, XVII).
Once completely in charge of
Rome, Sulla proceeded to butcher all
his political opponents on a scale
unmatched in Roman history.
Plutarch describes the terror in which Sulla was
held by the Rome
government itself. The city was filled with
murders and a young
senator at one point asked Sulla when they could
expect an end to the
murders "We are not asking you" he said "to
pardon those whom you have decided to kill all
we ask is that you should free from suspense
those whom you have decided not to kill." The
next day Sulla posted lists of the condemned in
the Roman Forum, of those to be killed and/or
those who property would revert to the state.
Informers were everywhere. Thousands perished.
Informers were paid bounties for turning in the
"disloyal" instantly, untold numbers of innocent
Romans were denounced and their property
confiscated to the state and sold for a song to
supporters of the current regime. A young Gaius
Julius Caesar who had fought on the side of his
uncle Gaius Marius barely escaped the list of
names. In the next and succeeding generations,
the inscrutable, remarkable, bloody man Sulla
became the model of a Roman tyrant. When Caesar
was commencing on his own struggle for absolute
power in 49 B.C., Caesar quite specifically
stated that he did not propose to emulate the
notorious Sulla, settling instead on a policy of
mercy and reconciliation.
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JULIUS CAESAR 100 - 44 B.C. When could they
ever say, that talkd of Rome, that her wide
walks encompassd but one man? The play,
Julius Caesar, I, ii William Shakespeare
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p.147 Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his
campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus
and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate
a group of three rulers. B. He serves as
consul with Pompey. C. Appoints himself
governor of Gaul.
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p. 147 Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his
campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus
and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate
a group of three rulers.
Meanwhile, back in Rome B. Pompey rises to
power in Rome and fears
Caesars rising popularity 1. The
Senate orders Caesar to disband his Legions and
return home from Gaul
While Julius Caesar waged war in Gaul attempting
to subdue the many tribes, Pompey busied himself
in Rome with the construction of the mammoth
complex later known as Pompey's Theater on the
Campus Martius- not only the first permanent
theater ever built in Rome, but an eye-popping
complex of lavish porticoes, shops, and
multi-service buildings. Pompey was also busy
with his new wife. At 53 he had married Julius
Caesars on daughter, Julia (23).
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p.147 Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his
campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus
and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate
a group of three rulers.
B. Pompey (and Senate) fear Caesars
rising popularity
1. Caesar is to disband his Legions
and come home 2. Crossing the Rubicon
with his army
"Let the dice fly high!" he said (quoting a
half-line of his favorite Greek poet, Menander),
as he crossed the Rubiconthe great gamble could
now begin for he was starting a civil war and,
according to the view occasionally expressed in
his own works, 'Luck is the greatest power in all
things and especially in war.'
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p.147 Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his
campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus
and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate
a group of three rulers.
B. Pompey (and Senate) fear Caesars
rising popularity
Pompey intended to fight Caesar in Asia, an area
of the Roman world in which he had strong
connections and many client-kings. Unfortunately,
in the scramble to evacuate Rome, neither Pompey
nor the Senators thought to take charge of Rome's
treasury, stored under the Temple. Caesar
arrives and impounds the treasury for his use.
1. Caesar is to disband his Legions
and come home 2. Crossing the Rubicon
with his army
Pompey flees
Caesar defeats Pompeys armies in Greece, Asia,
Spain, and Egypt
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p. 147 Packet p. 7
IV. JULIUS CAESAR A military hero from his
campaign in Gaul, he joins forces with Crassus
and Pompey creating the A. Triumvirate
a group of three rulers.
B. Pompey (and Senate) fear Caesars
rising popularity
1. Caesar is to disband his Legions
and come home 2. Crossing the Rubicon
with his army
Pompey flees
Caesar defeats Pompeys armies in Greece, Asia,
Spain, and Egypt
46 B.C. Caesar returns to Rome and is appointed
dictator.
Bronze statue of Caesar today in the Roman forum.
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p.147 Packet p. 7
Cleopatra in Egypt becomes his Ally After he
supports her side in a feud with her young
brother Ptolemy for the throne.
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p.147 Packet p. 7

• IV. JULIUS CAESAR
• In 44 B.C. is named dictator for life.
• His REFORMS
• - grants broader citizenship to even conquered
  peoples
• - expands the size of the Senate to 300 men
• - helped the poor with jobs, creating government
  work programs and building projects
• - the dole (welfare)
• - started colonies
• - increased pay for the legions
• - the Julian calendar

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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p. Packet p. B.B
February, 44 B.C. The young Mark Antony a
distant relation of Caesars and a star general
in his own right is said to have offered
Caesar a make-shift crown one day in the
Senate. Caesar refused it, but doubts remained
that he had personally arranged for the public
offer simply to feel out the reaction the
crowd. Other historians think he staged the
incident simply to
destroy the rumors that
he desired kingship.
As Napoleon noted succinctly,
"If Caesar wanted to be king,
he would have got his army
to acclaim him as such."
Still, doubts in Rome
lingered.

Mark Antony
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
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March 44 B.C. - Two tribunes were seen pulling
down crowns that had been placed on Caesars
statues around the city. They were dismissed
from office. By dismissing them, Caesar
attacked the protected position of Tribune of
the plebs, the very point for which he claimed
he fought in beginning the Civil War.
ASSASSINATION PLOT
Marcus Brutus was felt out
to remove the tyrant
Cassius joined
the conspirators grew,
including Caesars
most trusted subordinate
and friend, Decimus Brutus.Brutus.

Marcus Brutus stated that he loved Julius
Caesar, but I loved Rome more.
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CH 6 Rome Section 2, Romes Expansion Brings
Change Textbook p. Packet p. B.B
IV. JULIUS CAESAR

• The Assassination Plot Marcus Brutus Gaius
  Cassius
• The Ides of March (March 15), 44 B.C.
• Julius Caesar is stabbed to death
  in the Senate Chamber.

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Et tu Brute? "When he saw that he was beset
on every side by drawn daggers, he muffled his
head in his robe, and at the same time drew down
its lap to his feet with his left hand, in order
to fall more decently, with the lower part of his
body also covered. And in this wise he was
stabbed with three and twenty wounds, uttering
not a word, but merely a groan at the first
stroke, though some have written that when Marcus
Brutus rushed at him, he said in Greek, 'You too,
my child?'"  Suetonius Life , LXXXII
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What does this artists rendition of Caesars
assassination say about the incident? Who wears
the traditional white of the good guys and who
wears black?
In your view, who is good and who is bad in
this event? Or should this event be described in
such black and white terms?
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Caesar is alleged to have said in the year before
his murder, "It is more important for Rome than
for myself that I should survive. I have long
been sated with power and glory but, should
anything happen to me, Rome will enjoy no peace.
A new Civil War will break out under far worse
conditions than the last." Suetonius His
words were prophetic.
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