Human Anatomy of the Urinary System

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Human Anatomy of the Urinary System
Renal Artery
Renal Vein
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Urinalysis

• Color of urine (clear and pale to deep yellow) is
  due to urochrome which is a pigment that results
  when hemoglobin is broken down
• Some drugs and vitamins may alter urine color.
  Cloudy urine is indicative of a urinary
  infection.

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Urine pH

• Usually slightly acidic (pH 6).
• Body metabolism and diet can cause urine pH to
  vary from 4.5 to 8.
• Large amounts of protein and whole wheat cause
  acidic urine
• Vegan diets or bacterial infections can cause pH
  to climb and become alkaline (gt7)

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Urine Specific Gravity

• SG is the ratio of the density of substance
  divided by the density of water.
• SG of water is 1.0, urine is 1.001-1.035

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Chemical Composition
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Abnormal components in urine

• Glucose condition is called Glycosuria. Caused
  by diabetes mellitus or high intake of sugars
• Proteins Proteinuria or Albuminuria. Caused by
  pregnancy, high protein diets, heart failure,
  severe hypertension, renal disease.
• Hemoglobin Hemoglobinuria. Caused by
  transfusion reaction or severe burns
• Erythrocytes Hematuria. Cause by bleeding in
  urinary tract (kidney stones).
• Leukocytes Pyuria. Caused by urinary tract
  infection.

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Benedicts Test for Glucose

• Glucose is a reducing sugar- this means it has a
  free aldehyde group
• CuSO4 Cu SO4--  
• 2 Cu  Reducing Sugar Cu        
  (electron donor)
• Cu Cu2O (ppt)
• The final color of the solution depends on how
  much of this precipitate is formed and therefore
  the color gives an indication of how much
  reducing sugar was present.
• Increasing amounts of reducing sugar
• green orange red brown

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Biuret Test For Protein

• ? To about 2cm3 of test solution add an equal
  volume of biuret solution, down the side of the
  test tube.
• ? A blue ring forms at the surface of the
  solution, which disappears on shaking, and the
  solution turns lilac-purple, indicating protein.
• The colour change is due to a complex between
  nitrogen atoms in a peptide chain and copper (II)
  ions, so this is really a test for peptide bonds.

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Purple (protein present)