??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????..... ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????(NIST) ???????(??????)?????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????(?????? ?????? ????)

1
??? ???????!!

• ???? ?????? ??????????
• ??? ?????? ??????!!
• ??? ?????????
• ???? ????????????
• ????? ?? ????????
• ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????

2
????? ??????
????? ?????

• ???? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??
• ??????? ??????? ???????? .
• ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???
• ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ???? ????? ????
  ????????? ??? ?????????

• ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????
• ????? ?? ???? ?????
• ????? ?? ???? ?????

3
??? ???? ?????? ??????

• ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????
  ?????? (????) ???????? ????? ???????(?????? ???
  ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????)? ???? ????
  ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????.
• ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????
  ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????
  ???? ??? ?????????, ???? ????? ??? ???? ???
  ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????????(???? ????????
  ?????).
• ??? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????..... ???
  ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????
  ?????????(NIST) ???????(??????)?????? ?? ???????
  ??? ????? ?????? ?????(?????? ?????? ????)
• ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 1949 ?? ??????
  ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????
  ????????.

4

• ?? ????? ????????? ??? 1955??? ????????
  ?????(?????) ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??
  ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???
  ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????
  ?????.????? ???? ???????!

5
???? ????????!!!

• ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????
  ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??
  9.192631770 ??? (?????) ?? ??????? ???????.

6
??? ???? ?????? ????????????
7
??? ???? ?????? ????????????
8
????? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????
?????? ?????? ?? CS133 ????? ??? 9192631770
???????
??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??
??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???!
9
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????!!

• Nobel Prizes awarded for work later applied to
  atomic clocks
• 1902Lorentz and Zeeman for Zeeman
  effect1907Michelson for speed of light
  measurements1922Bohr for "old" quantum
  mechanics1932Heisenberg for matrix quantum
  mechanics1933Dirac and Schroedinger for
  quantum mechanics1943Stern for atomic beam
  method1944Rabi for resonance method1952Bloch
  and Purcell for magnetic resonance1964Townes,
  Basov, and Prokhorov for lasers and
  masers1966Kastler for optical
  pumping1981Bloembergen and Schawlow for laser
  spectroscopy1989Ramsey for Ramsey method
  Dehmelt and Paul for ion traps1997Phillips,
  Cohen-Tannoudji, and Chu for laser cooling and
  trapping

10
?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????????
Dr. Louis Essen working on an atomic clock in the
mid-1950s
A modern atomic clock
11
?? ???? ?????? ????? ????!!!!
Price 32.99
12
???? ??? ????????
13
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