Coal, Natural Gas, and Biomass

1
Coal, Natural Gas, and Biomass
2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
Biomass a Distributed Resource
Distributed petroleum resources can be mined from
a point source
6
Biomass a Distributed Resource
Silt, CO http//shellbird.com/the-ranch/index.htm
l
7
Energy Scenarios
1. Retain current mix of oil, coal, and
gas known technologies CO2 and T rise lowest
investment geopolitics unchanged use IGCC and
sequestration more imports
8
Energy Scenarios
1. Retain current mix of oil, coal, and
gas known technologies CO2 and T rise lowest
investment geopolitics unchanged use IGCC and
sequestration more imports 2. Replace coal and
oil by natural gas gas power plants more
expensive electricity LNG, CNG, GTL,
infrastructure reduce emissions and CO2 gas
hydrates, IGCC
9
Energy Scenarios
1. Retain current mix of oil, coal, and
gas known technologies CO2 and T rise lowest
investment geopolitics unchanged use IGCC and
sequestration more imports 2. Replace coal and
oil by natural gas gas power plants more
expensive electricity LNG, CNG, GTL,
infrastructure reduce emissions and CO2 gas
hydrates, IGCC 3. All electricity plug in
hybrid aircraft nuclear, wind, hydro,
PV storage load leveling battery and motor
materials infrastructure
10
Energy Scenarios
1. Retain current mix of oil, coal, and
gas known technologies CO2 and T rise lowest
investment geopolitics unchanged use IGCC and
sequestration more imports 2. Replace coal and
oil by natural gas gas power plants more
expensive electricity LNG, CNG, GTL,
infrastructure reduce emissions and CO2 gas
hydrates, IGCC 3. All electricity plug in
hybrid aircraft nuclear, wind, hydro,
PV storage load leveling battery and motor
materials infrastructure 4. Replace
petroleum by biofuels no imports land
use greatest value added water rural economy
and independence
11
Energy Scenarios

• 1. Retain current mix of oil, coal, and gas
• known technologies CO2 and T rise
• lowest investment geopolitics unchanged
• use IGCC and sequestration more imports
• 2. Replace coal and oil by natural gas
• gas power plants more expensive electricity
• LNG, CNG, GTL, infrastructure
• reduce emissions and CO2
• gas hydrates, IGCC
• 3. All electricity
• plug in hybrid aircraft
• nuclear, wind, hydro, PV storage
• load leveling battery and motor materials
• infrastructure
• 4. Replace petroleum by biofuels
• no imports land use
• greatest value added water
• rural economy and independence
• Replace all fossil fuels by biofuels

12
Energy Scenarios

• 1. Retain current mix of oil, coal, and gas
• known technologies CO2 and T rise
• lowest investment geopolitics unchanged
• use IGCC and sequestration more imports
• 2. Replace coal and oil by natural gas
• gas power plants more expensive electricity
• LNG, CNG, GTL, infrastructure
• reduce emissions and CO2
• gas hydrates, IGCC
• 3. All electricity
• plug in hybrid aircraft
• nuclear, wind, hydro, PV storage
• load leveling battery and motor materials
• infrastructure
• 4. Replace petroleum by biofuels
• no imports land use
• greatest value added water
• rural economy and independence
• Replace all fossil fuels by biofuels

13
Geography and Economic Factors
Local vs national vs global Minnesota has land,
farm infrastructure, and low population US has
developed infrastructure Third World has none of
these Land availability and type Population
density Climate Food needs Infrastructure Economy
Capital
14
Biomass Solutions
Food crops infrastructure exists known
technologies high productivity food, feed,
fuel Agricultural waste now discarded infrastruc
ture known Forest waste Energy crops switchgrass
hybrid poplar jatropha miscanthus prairie
grasses palm oil algae Municipal
waste infrastructure exists negative value
15
Biomass Solutions
Productivity tons/acre fertilizer genetics wat
er Supply and demand prices fluctuations Storage
Climate climate change drought Backups
16
Anaerobic digestion C6H12O6 3CH4 3CO2
17
(No Transcript)
18
C6H12O6 3CH4 3CO2 Carbon valence 0 -4
4
Animal waste Human waste Sewage
treatment Landfill gas Swamp gas Termite guts
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
Anaerobic versus aerobic
Aerobic generates heat produces CO2 and
H2O fast less odor SO2 and N2 Anaerobic no
heat produces CH4 and CO2 15-40 days generates
H2S and NH3
24
Manure Mass and Energy Balance pig dairy beef c
hicken wt 135 lb 1400 800 4 manure 1.5 g/d
12.5 6.1 .032 solids 10 15 15 25 volume gas 4
ft3/d 46 28 .29 electricity 6/y
73 43 .90 watts 250 w 6000 dairy cows 2.1
MW 400,000
25
Natural Gas inexpensive not imported less
CO2 clean electricity heat chemicals
26
(No Transcript)
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30
Existing Infrastructure
31
(No Transcript)
32
Natural Gas Costs around the World(US per
million BTUs)
Baltics 2.70
UK 7.05
Russia 1.45
Poland 3.50
Canada 10.90
Belarus 1.70
Belgium 6.95
Ukraine 2.30
South Korea 5.25
USA 12.60
Turkey 2.65
Iran 1.25
Japan 5.25
North Africa 0.90
China 4.85
Kuwait 1.25
Qatar 0.85
Mexico 7.65
Taiwan 5.15
Oman 1.00
India 3.25
Saudi Arabia 0.75
Trinidad 1.60
Singapore 3.30
Indonesia 2.70
Bolivia 1.65
Australia 3.85
Argentina 1.60
Updated mid-September 2005
33
Natural Gas Production
34
(No Transcript)
35
Natural Gas Reserves
36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
39
Gasifier
synagas COH2
fuel partial cleanup
air or O2 combustor
ash, SOx, NOx
40
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
exhaust
air
fuel partial cleanup gas
steam air or O2 combustor
turbine generator
electricity
steam turbine
ash, SOx, NOx
electricity
41
(No Transcript)
42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
(No Transcript)
45
LNG Tanker
46
(No Transcript)
47
(No Transcript)
48
LNG Ports
49
(No Transcript)
50
(No Transcript)
51
(No Transcript)
52
(No Transcript)
53
(No Transcript)
54
Fluidized Bed Gasifier
55
(No Transcript)
56
(No Transcript)
57
(No Transcript)
58
(No Transcript)
59
Updraft/Downdraft Biomass Gasifier
60
Fluidized Bed Gasifier