Special Adaptations and Speciation

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Special Adaptations and Speciation
-What are some specific ways that organisms have
adapted to their environment?
-An adaptation is a trait that an organism has
that allows them to be more fit for their
environment.
Ex use less water, larger eyes
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Adaptations have evolved over huge amounts of
time, in response to the pressure put on an
organism from the environment.
If the environment changes, the traits that best
fit the new environment will be advantageous.
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Evolution of Adaptations Observed
Industrial Melanism is an evolution in
coloration caused by a change in the
environment.
The color of the trees went from a light gray to
a dark gray/black fairly rapidly.
Peppered moths had a natural variation in color,
from light gray to black.
There were always a few moths with different
colors.
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Prior to the change, the advantage was for the
light colored moth.
After the change, the advantage was for the dark
colored moth.
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Explain how the change in environment caused
Industrial Melanism in the Peppered Moth, and why
the change was possible.
What would happen to the population of moths if
the trees were to turn light gray again?
Why was variation within the population so vital
to the evolution of the moth?
Did individual moths change their color?
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Camouflage and Other Tricks
Camouflage is the adaptation of having
coloration that blends in with the surrounding
environment, making the organism less likely to
be eaten, or allowing the organism to approach
prey without being seen.
JUST LIKE THIS!!!
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What do You see in the picture?
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This praying mantis has a coloration called
cryptic coloration.
It allows the mantis to hide on branches, and not
be eaten, as well as to sneak up on unsuspecting
prey.
The coloration in this case is both for
defense and offense.
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This organism is called the Twig Caterpillar.
It has cryptic coloration to allow it to blend
in with the tree branch.
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This is an example of a Katydid, which is hidden
because it resembles a leaf.
In this case, the coloration is
defensive, because Katydids are not predatory.
What do you think happens to this Katydid in the
Fall of the year, when leaves turn color?
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Countershading

• LOOKS LIKE THIS ON TOP
• LOOKS LIKE THIS ON BOTTOM
• A type of camouflage in which the top (dorsal)
  side of an organism is darker than the bottom
  (ventral) side
• Reduces shadow effects which give visual cues to
  the animal
• Also works through background matching

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Grey Squirrel
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Emperor Penguins
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Warning coloration is a display shown by
organisms that announce rather than hide by
their coloration.
Often, these organisms taste bad, or have a
sting.
Predators learn to shy away based on their
appearance.
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Yellow Jacket (Wasp)
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Striped Skunk
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This is a Nudibranch, a marine mollusk.
Why do you think it would it advertise itself
this way?
It is brightly colored to advertise the fact
that it tastes bad.
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This is the Foaming Grasshopper, From the
Rainforest of South America
Do you think its coloration is designed to hide
or advertise? Why?
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This is the Scorpion Fish
What is the name of the type of coloration it
has?
Why is it an adaptive advantage to have this
coloration?
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This is a Tropical Katydid.
What type of coloration does it have?
Is this coloration for defense or offense?
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Mimicry is a deceptive form of camouflage.
It works because one organism that is
harmless takes the warning coloration of another
organism that either tastes bad or has
some defensive mechanism, such as a sting.
The harmless, tasty organism is called the mimic.
The original organism with the warning
coloration is the model.
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The Viceroy butterfly (L), mimics the
Monarch butterfly ( R), because the
Monarch tastes bad.
Which butterfly is the mimic, and which is the
model?
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King Vs. Coral Snakes
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These two frogs are distinct species,
but closely resemble each other. One is a mimic,
the other is the model.
Why do you think one Frog is mimicking the
other?
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Several different Species of African butterfly.
What type of coloration do they exhibit?
Which do you think are the Mimics?
What are the other ones called?
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Mimicry of Body Parts (Eyespots)
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Click Beetle Eyespots
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Display Coloration

• LOOKS LIKE whatever is attractive to the
  particular species
• Coloration and/or structures used by one gender
  of a species to attract mates of the same species
• Usually the male attracting the female
• Coloration often related to important aspects of
  the species survival

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Caribbean Flamingo

• Baby flamingoes are grey or white
• Pink color comes from beta-carotene in shrimp
  that it eats
• Females attracted to pinker males indication
  of health

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Ruby-throated Hummingbird
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Peacock vs. Peahen
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Magnificent Frigatebird Which Coloration?
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The End
Why me, LORD?
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Other Types of Adaptations
-Adaptations take many forms, and have 3 main
types.
1) Morphological Adaptation involve
the structure of an organism.
Ex Beaks of birds, large eyes in
nocturnal animals, flippers on seals
Can you think of any more?
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2) Physiological Adaptations
Involved with the functions of an organism.
Ex being able to digest a certain food, having
different enzymes, tolerance to salt, less need
for oxygen.
What other types can you think of?
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3) Behavioral Adaptations
These involve an organisms reaction to its
environment.
Ex migration, storing food, timing of breeding.
What type of adaptation do you think Hibernation
is?
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Evolving to New Species
New species evolve because the environment
changes, and the organisms have to adapt to the
new conditions, or go extinct.
Sometimes a founder species (the original form)
is broken into two or more parts, and kept
separate.
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If the parts of the old species
cannot communicate and interact, they are said
to be Geographically Isolated.
Ex Various unique species on islands, Such as
Madagascar, Hawaii, and Australia
Can you think of another way species could be
isolated, other than being on an island?
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Geographic Isolation leads to Reproductive
Isolation, where, eventually, the two groups will
no longer be able to breed.
They will have become two distinct species.
This is called divergence, which means heading
in different directions.
Can you think of any examples of divergence?
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Geographic Isolation
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Differential Evolution over time
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Reproductive Isolation
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The Galapagos Finches are a classic example of
geographic isolation leading to speciation, the
development of new distinct species.
The original finches were separated onto the
various islands when they formed,and because of
distance, were kept apart.
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The environment of each island was slightly
different, so the finches had to adapt
differently on each island.
Eventually, over long periods of time, they
evolved into completely different species, each
adapted to its conditions.
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