SD-Tech Industry

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Nano Materials And Their Applications Novel and
technical materials can save textile industry.
Can they? " PhD. Chien-Ying Tsai 3/9/2008
???? SD-Tech Industry
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????

• ??????????
• ?????Shark Skin Coating???????
• Nano Copper Fiber?????
• I Mica??????
• ????? ????
• ????? FlyWire ??????
• ????? Self-Cleaning Sportswear??????????
• ?????Precool vest ??????
• ?????Flexible Solar Panels???????????
• ?????Carbon nanotube Prevent EMI
  Method?????????????

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Background
World consumption of technical textiles by
regions (in 1.000 tons)
Source Technical Textiles and Industrial
Nonwovens World Market Forecasts to 2010, David
Rigby Associates, 2002
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Application areas
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Application areas
In 1.000 tons
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General situation
1. Changing markets for traditional
textiles Price pressure from Asia, lower
demand, high production costs and high production
levels regarding environmental protection 2.
Image Technology, productivity and creativity of
the textile industry are still often
misunderstood 3. Trends Novel textiles are
globally considered to be the fastest growing
sector of the textile market. In many developed
countries like the USA or Europe novel textiles
account for already 40 of production and
consumption.
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General situation
Trends In developing countries like China novel
textiles accounted for 20 in 2000. But there are
also chances for innovative apparel textiles
offering additional properties and
applications Usage Innovative Apparel Textiles
with better or new properties, new appliances
Novel textiles used in - combination with
traditional materials (e.g. textile reinforced
concrete) or as - substitution (e.g. composite
instead of aluminum formula-1 monocoque)
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Novel Materials Introduction Shark Skin Coating
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Shark Skin Coating
Shark skin is very rough, in fact so rough that
dried shark skin can be used as sanding paper.
The skin is covered by little V-shaped bumps,
which made from the same material as sharks'
teeth. The rough surface has been shown to reduce
friction when the shark glides through water,
which is why sharks are surprisingly quick and
efficient swimmers.
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Shark Skin Coating
Fabrics modeled on sharkskin designed to reduce
drag by channeling the water along grooves in
the fabric. These grooves allow the water to
spiral in microscopic vortices?a hydrodynamic
advantage. After looking at shark skin?NASA
pioneered the use of longitudinal riblets?ridges
perpendicular to surface?to reduce drag on flat
surfaces of ships and aircraft.
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Shark Skin Coating
This is shark skin (acanthias acanthias)
magnified at x70 taken with a colored electron
micrograph. These microscopic "scales" is what
makes the shark's skin feel rough. It also
reduces drag in the water as it swims. On the
site it says, this design has been investigated
by engineers for use on the surfaces of aircraft
and boats
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Shark Skin Coating
The losses in axial compressors are primarily
caused by tip clearance and secondary flow
losses. Due to the high positive pressure
gradient in flow direction the mean flow is
decelerated and the sidewall boundary layers are
thickened. In each compressor stage the sidewall
boundary layer thickness is increasing and
thereby the risk of flow separation is also
increasing.
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Shark Skin Coating
This is shark skin (acanthias acanthias)
magnified at x70 taken with a colored electron
micrograph. These microscopic "scales" is what
makes the shark's skin feel rough. It also
reduces drag in the water as it swims. On the
site it says, this design has been investigated
by engineers for use on the surfaces of aircraft
and boats
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Shark Skin Coating Evidence for and Against
Improved Performance
For some subjects an active drag advantage seemed
present. An 11 reduction in active drag was
observed, a value that was nevertheless still not
statistically significant. It was with this
swimmer that the authors opined that the 11
'reduction" came not so much from a benefit of
the bodysuit, but an increase in resistance from
an ill-fitting conventional suit.
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Shark Skin Coating
University of Floridas engineers have developed
an environmental coating for hulls of ocean-going
ships based on an unlikely source of inspiration
the shark. UF materials engineers tapped elements
of sharks? unique scales to design the new
coating.
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Nano Copper fiber
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Nano Copper fiber
Copper has been used for many years as a chemical
tool in freshwater farm ponds and aquaculture
operations. It is both an effective algaecide and
a parasite treatment. The problem with the use of
copper is that there is a thin line that
separates effective treatment levels from
overdoses, which can kill fish. This fact sheet
is designed to explain when copper is used, how
it is used, and some precautions to take before
using it. Copper can be used to control algae in
ponds, including filamentous and higher algae
such as Chara ("Stink weed"). There have been
some efforts to use copper to reduce the
abundance of algae that cause off-flavor in
catfish, but not enough is known yet to make any
definite recommendations.
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Nano Copper fiber
New coatingIt prevents the growth of a
notoriously aggressive marine algae and may also
impede barnacles?according to preliminary tests.
If more extensive testing and development bear
out the results?the shark-inspired coating --
composed of tiny scale-like elements that can
actually flex in and out to impede growth --
could replace conventional antifouling coatings.
These coatings prevent marine growth but also
leach poisonous copper into the ocean.
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Nano Copper fiber
The copper paints are wonderful in terms of
keeping the ship surface clean?but they are
poisonous and they accumulate at substantial
rates in harbors, threatening marine life?said
Anthony Brennan?a UF professor of materials
science and engineering and the lead developer of
the coating. ?By contrast?there are no toxins
associated with our surface.? Brennans project
is being sponsored by the U.S. Navy?the worlds
largest maritime ship owner?which has contributed
at least 750,000 to the effort so far. According
to the Navy?algae and barnacles on hulls increase
drag?slowing ships and reducing fuel efficiency.
The Navy hopes to find both a more effective and
environmentally friendly technology than the
copper-based paints.
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Nano Copper Benefits
Consumers responded positively to claims made
about copper. Seven out of ten people replied
that they feel much more positive to learn that
copper kills certain germs on touch surfaces,
improves energy efficiency, may improve indoor
air quality, lasts longer and is totally
recyclable, and improves human health in various
ways. Did you know that our metabolisms also
require a certain level of copper to maintain
good health? The amount of copper found in the
human body (50-120 milligrams) is tiny, but it
plays a critical role in a variety of biochemical
processes.
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Nano Copper Benefits
Paper Role of Copper in Collagen Cross-linking
and Its Influence on Selected Mechanical
Properties of Chick Bone and Tendon (Journal of
Nutrition Vol. 112 No. 4 April 1982, pp. 708-716
) Lysyl oxidase was extracted from bone and
tendon. The recovery of activity from the
extracts was linearly correlated with copper.
Tests of the mechanical properties of tendon and
bone indicated that tendon viscoelasticity may
not be significantly influenced by copper,
whereas the ultimate torsional strength of bone
is markedly decreased when the dietary copper
level is below 1 ppm. Furthermore the skin from
copper-deficient demonstrated a lack of plastic
deformation prior to failure that was normally
seen in bone from control birds.
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Copper Anti bacteria
Scientists at the University of Southampton in
the U.K. have found that Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) cannot survive on
pure copper surfaces for more than 45 minutes.
MRSA is an infectious bacterium that responds to
only the strongest antibiotics and is a cause of
often-fatal hospital infections in both the U.K.
and the United States. The study, published in
the July 2006 issue of the Journal of Hospital
Infection, assesses the ability of copper and
brass to eradicate strains of MRSA compared with
that of stainless steel, which is commonly used
for work and touch surfaces in healthcare
facilities.
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Copper Anti bacteria
At refrigeration temperature, the three strains
placed on the copper were dead within six hours.
On the brass, the first two strains were
drastically reduced in six hours. The stainless
steel had no effect on the bacteria.
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Nano Copper fiber
PET fiber with Copper particles can be prepared
by pretreatment, vacuum impregnation, and
decomposition process. The antibacterial property
of was characterized by content, size and
distribution of copper particles. The content of
particle and surface morphologies of the fiber
was dependent on initial concentration of nano
copper particles, immersion time, and
decomposition temperature.
SEM images of the PET fiber
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Nano Copper fiber
The preparation of the PET or Nylon textiles with
copper particles was carried out by a chemical
coating, followed by exposure to infrared light.
The anti algae property of copper loaded textile
was tested in a water solution. Cu was found to
be the main component of the copper particle. TEM
picture shows that the copper clusters were
deposited and embedded in the textile with a wide
distribution in particles size.
TEM image of copper cluster on thick PET fiber on
textile. Activations of fabric by IR light.
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Nano Copper fiber
Objective To assess the efficiency of algae
extermination by the combined copper fiber
technology. Methods The combined copper deposited
fiber was used to treat in the culture in
different time and the efficiency of algae
extermination was assessed. Results No alga in
the water sample was detected after 0.5 and 1
hour of treatment with copper fiber as the
concentration of Cu particles was at 300 ppm. The
extermination rate of algae was 80.75 after 12
days of treatment of combined copper deposited
fiber. This technology could effectively decrease
the turbidity?smell?COD?ammonia nitrogen in the
treated water. The Cu deposited fiber released by
copper has a stronger efficiency of algae
extermination. The combined copper deposited
fiber will be a satisfactory method for algae
extermination in the landscape water.
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Shark Skin Coatings anti Algae
Sharks remain largely free of plants and
barnacles despite spending their entire lives
submerged. That contrasts?for example?some other
large-bodied marine species such as whales?which
attract marine growth. Sharks have placoid
scales?which consist of a rectangular base
embedded in the skin with tiny spines or bristles
that poke up from the surface the reason a
sharks skin feels rough to the touch. Brennan
decided to try mimicking that surface with an
artificial coating to see if it would also have
antifouling properties. His first product a
combination plastic/rubber coating that a
microscope reveals is made of billions of tiny
raised diamond-shaped patterns.
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Shark Skin Coatings anti Algae
In addition to being very thick -- as much as
four inches in some species -- shark skin is made
up of tiny rectangular scales topped with even
smaller spines or bristles?making the skin rough
to the touch. Shark skin was used in the past as
an abrasive?for polishing wood.. In Asia?it was
used to decorate sword hilts. In the South
Pacific?natives used it for the membranes on
drums.. Even today?because shark skin is so tough
and pliable?it is used to make fine leather
goods?including purses?shoes?boots and wallets.
Shark skin is covered with tiny scales?known as
placoid scales. These scales resemble small shark
teeth in both appearance and structure there is
an outer layer of enamel?dentine?and a central
pulp cavity. Biologists call them "dermal
denticles," which literally translates into "tiny
skin teeth." Sharks essentially have a built-in
suit of chain mail armor that doesn't make them
too stiff to move.. The scales move and flex as
the shark swims.
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Shark Skin Coatings anti Algae
Shark Skin Coatings - To find a way to persuade
algae to move on rather than killing them
scientists at the University of Florida turned to
nature. Sharks dont have algae or barnacle
problems despite being underwater all their
lives. Shark skin is made up of tiny rectangular
scales topped with even smaller spines or
bristles. This makes shark skin rough to the
touch. This irregular surface makes it difficult
for plant spores to get a good grip and grow into
algae or other plants. Read More
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Novel Material -- iMica
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Mica is easily distinguished by its
characteristic of peeling into many thin flat
smooth sheets or flakes. This is similar to the
cleavage in feldspar except that in the case of
mica the cleavage planes are in only one
direction and no right angle face joins occur.
Mica may be white and pearly or dark and shiny .
Mica
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The structure of intercalayted Mica (i-Mica)
The structure of i-Mica is the layered silicate.
It belongs to monoclinic. It was constructed by
double-layer silicane-oxygen tetrahedron with
aluminum-oxygen octahedron. The layered silicate
was 21 type. In silicon-oxygen layer, 1/4
silicon was taken by aluminum atoms.
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The structure of i-Mica
Lots electrons are in i-Mica, which the positive
ion will get stronger bonding effect. The LiNO3
will be added in the reaction by using
hydro-thermal process to get the ion exchanging
effect. The Li ion will take place of the K. In
this hydro reaction, a water film will attach on
the ion. For this reaction, the effects such as
antistatic, water absorption, hydrophilic and so
on will be enhanced. The i-Mica also has the
thermal resistance and anti UV effects. We can
say it will become novel material in the future.
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The thermal conduction effect
Because of silica structure in i-Mica, the
thermal conduction effect is better than PET.
This material would absorb the water which is
hydration effect then become water film. It is a
cooling down material for these two effects
thermal conduction and hydration.
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The deodorization effect
The surface to mass ratio is about 450 m2/g for
i-Mica material. This high value will increase
the deodorization effect. The high ratio is
similar to active carbon that will make the
i-Mica yarn gets the deodorization function.
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Nano Alloy fiber for Anti-odor function
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Nano Alloy fiber for Anti-odor function
As a new type of multi function medium, alloy
fiber is made of different metal as copper silver
or zinc alloy with proper composition. It has
multiple functions, fiber treatment or embedded
in the surface of the yarn, specially in advances
in anti odor function. This test on treatment of
ammonia, H2S, methyl thiol, trimethyl amine,
aldehyde indicates that, removals as high as 90
have been obtained in treatment by nano alloy
particles media and the quality of output air is
quite good to meet the national anti odor
standard.
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Nano Alloy fiber for Anti-odor function
Copper and Zinc are different ability in anti
odor function. For example, nano Copper particles
is excellent in anti odor such as ammonium, H2S,
methyl thiol but triethyl amine. Nano Zinc
particles is excellent in anti odor such as
triethyl amine, H2S, methyl thiol but ammonium.
Pure nano silver particles had no such anti odor
function.
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Nano Alloy fiber for Anti-odor function
The table of anti odor ability of Copper, Zinc
and silver, which are different in different odor
function.
Species Ingredient Initial PPM Final PPM Deodor rate
NH3 Zn Cu Ag 200 200 200 25 10 180 87.5 95 10
H2S Zn Cu Ag 200 200 200 5 5 18 97.5 97.5 91
Methyl thiol Zn Cu Ag 200 200 200 20 25 150 90 87.5 25
Trimethyl amine Zn Cu Ag 200 200 200 15 25 160 92.5 87.5 20
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Nano Alloy fiber for Anti-odor function
The table of anti odor ability of Copper, Zinc
and alloy Copper/Zinc. The alloy is better than
the others.
Species Ingredient Initial PPM Final PPM Deodor rate
NH3 Zn Cu Cu/Zn 200 200 200 15 10 5 87.5 95 10
H2S Zn Cu Cu/Zn 200 200 200 0 0 0 100 100 100
Methyl thiol Zn Cu Cu/Zn 200 200 200 20 20 5 90 90 97.5
Trimethyl amine Zn Cu Cu/Zn 200 200 200 15 13 10 92.5 87.5 95
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Nano Alloy fiber for Anti-odor function
The Copper/Zinc particles (CZP) is an
anti-bacterial and sanitary agent, successfully
applied the anti-bacterial agent to synthetic
fibers. A basic process known as redox
(oxidation/reduction process) which process works
by exchanging electrons with contaminants. CZP is
a mixture of Zinc and Copper, as certain odor
molecule and bacteria are removed from the fiber,
Zinc and Copper ions are released. Zinc and
Copper are both essential minerals for the human
body, however it is possible for some people to
get too much copper, because a small percentage
of the population retains copper. Getting too
much zinc on a modern diet isn't likely at all.
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Nano Alloy fiber for Anti-odor function
Now to the answer, and the good news the amount
of zinc and copper added to your fiber by CZP is
insignificant. Here is part of a test report
from an independent lab, which was
commissioned The water that had been eluted
through the CZP column prior to inoculation and
there is substantial die-off of the bacteria
compared to the control water. This die-off is
very likely due to small amounts of copper and
zinc ions that are eluted (less than 0.025 ppm
copper and less than 1ppm zinc). This result is
not unexpected since it is well documented that
copper is toxic to bacteria.
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Nano Alloy fiber for Anti-odor function
CZP is a novel product a major advancement in
fiber technology that works on basic process
known as REDOX (oxidation/reduction) principles,
representing a new and unique way of yarn
processing medium which by its natural process of
electrochemical oxidation/reduction and
adsorption action reduces and/or removes many
unwanted contaminants.
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Novel Textile -- Example
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Novel Materials IntroductionFlywire
The 84 grames offered the perfect opportunity to
demonstrate how technologically advanced sporting
equipment enhanced performance from head to toe
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Flywire footweare Windrunners

• A feature they've dubbed "Flywire," results in
  extraordinary support At a mere 93 grams, the
  shoes break all previous records for weight
• Designed as a running jacket, its nylon
  construction meant lightweight wear.

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Flywire

• Threads Work Like Bridge Cables
• The Zoom Victory spike takes its design
  inspiration from the engineering of a suspension
  bridge

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Flywire Engineered fibers

• Creating a skeleton or cradle with engineered
  fibers High Strength Nylon and better than
  Kevlar
• Windsurfing sail fabric

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Self-Cleaning Sportswear
The new technology attaches nanoparticles to
clothing fibers using microwaves. Then, chemicals
that can repel water, oil and bacteria are
directly bound to the nanoparticles.
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Self-Cleaning Sportswear

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Self-Cleaning Sportswear

• The U.S. military spent more than 20 million to
  develop the fabric, deriving from research
  originally intended to protect soldiers from
  biological attack.
• We treated underwear for soldiers who tested them
  for several weeks and found they remained
  hygienic. They also helped clear up some skin
  complaints."

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Novel Materials IntroductionPrecool vest
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Precool vest

• Its an accessory that cools an athlete's core
  temperature improving performance.
• Drawing on '60s fashion's use of paillettes as a
  way to hug the contours of the body, the vest
  uses insulated triangle-shaped pods filled with
  water, which when frozen, cools the body. Pods
  vary in size according to their positioning on
  the body, minimizing the overall weight. The
  Burning Man aesthetic comes from aluminum coating
  designed to reflect heat.

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Novel Materials IntroductionFlexible Solar
Panels
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Flexible Solar Panels
Flexible solar Panels can be combined with
architectural fabric to add power to innovative
and exciting tensile structure designs.
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Novel Materials Introduction Carbon nanotube
Prevent EMI Method
Carbon nanotubes go Super Plastic and Super
Yarn
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Features of Carbon NanoTube
Features values Note
Dimension 0.61.8nm Wavelenght50nm thickness23nm
density 1.331.4g/m3 Al2.7 g/m3
Tensile Strength 45GPa High strenght steel alloy 2GPa
Thermal Conductivity 6000w/m.K Diamond3320w/m.k
Thermal Resistivity Vacuum2800? Aie 750 ? Metal for IC600100 0 ?
Cost 300010000NT/KG (MW-cnt)
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EMI Prevent Materials Compare List
Additive Add amount (wt) note
???????? 0.058.0 ????????
???? 540 ????
??? 520 ???
???? 37 ????????
?????? 510 ???
??????? 0.5 ????????2550?
ReferenceRAPRA Technology Ltd.,1996
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Carbon nanotube in polymerApplication
Items Application Products
Electronics industry Clean room system and equipment clothes?shoes?gloves
Medical equipment industry operating room system operating coat?clothes?shoes?gloves
packaging industry IC component pack ? electronics equipment
Chemical engineering pipeline ? duct ? infusion tube ? deliver equipment
Storage industry steam reservoir?stock tank?gas receiver
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Thanks for Your Attention